▼ IN HUMAN SOCIETY. 205 



The primitive savage, tutored by Istar, appropri- 

 ated whatever took his fancy, and killed whomso- 

 ever opposed him, if he could. On the contrary, 

 the ideal of the ethical man is to limit his freedom 

 of action to a sphere in which he does not inter- 

 fere with the freedom of others; he seeks the com- 

 mon weal as much as his own; and, indeed, as an 

 essential part of his own welfare. Peace is both 

 end and means with him; and he founds his life 

 on a more or less complete self-restraint, which 

 is the negation of the unlimited struggle for ex- 

 istence. He tries to escape from his place in the 

 animal kingdom, founded on the free develop- 

 ment of the principle of non-moral evolution, and 

 to establish a kingdom of Man, governed upon the 

 principle of moral evolution. For society not 

 only has a moral end, but in its perfection, social 

 life, is embodied morality. 



But the effort of ethical man to work towards 

 a moral end by no means abolished, perhaps has 

 hardly modified, the deep-seated organic impulses 

 which impel the natural man to follow his non- 

 moral course. One of the most essential condi- 

 tions, if not the chief cause, of the struggle for 

 existence, is the tendency to multiply without 

 limit, which man shares with all living things. 

 It is notable that "increase and multiply" is a 

 commandment traditionally much older than the 

 ten; and that it is, perhaps, the only one which 

 has been spontaneously and ex animo obeyed by 



