ENGLISH ADDITIONS. 153 



they received from us all they know of military tactics and 

 training. And the presence of such words as brick, square, 

 rule, and many others used in building, and those for various 

 tools, would also show that to English teaching the Malagasy 

 owe the introduction of improved houses by the use of sun- 

 dried brick, as well as instruction in building generally. But 

 the influence of England would be most honourably shown by 

 the fact that almost all the foreign words connected with 

 education and literature are from us, such as school, class, 

 and lesson, pen, copy-book, slate (and even black-board), book, 

 gazette, press, print, and proof, capital, period, and names for 

 all the stops, &c., grammar, geography, and addition, with 

 many others, showing how much they owe to us for their 

 intellectual advancement. And numerous words connected 

 with religious belief and practices would also be lasting 

 memorials that from England they have derived the greatest 

 of all blessings, the knowledge of revealed religion ; for we 

 find naturalised in Malagasy such words as baptism, Bible 

 and Testament, psalm and epistle, angel and apostle, martyr 

 and virgin, patriarch and deacon, evangelist and missionary, 

 demon and devil, and tabernacle, temple, and synagogue ; while 

 the English pronunciation of the name of our blessed Lord 

 (written Jesosy Kraisty) is firmly fixed in the language. 



All these words will form enduring records of the powerful 

 influence that two western nations have exerted in civilising, 

 enlightening, and Christianising this branch of the Malayo- 

 Polynesian family of peoples. 



A few ecclesiastical terms are also being introduced by 

 the Eoman Catholic and Anglican missions, but it is doubtful 

 whether many of them will become naturalised like those 

 already noted. And so also with a considerable number of 

 words of Latin and Greek origin which are being taught in 

 connection with the various sciences ; from the difficulty of 

 pronouncing most of these, few of them are likely to come 

 into common use by the mass of the people. 



While, however, histoiy is now being embodied in the 

 additions made to the language of Madagascar by two far-off" 

 European peoples, the language testifies to a very powerful 

 influence exerted upon it many hundred years ago by one of 



