158 THE BNTOMOLOaiST. 



the difficulty of distinguishing their females by appearing some ten 

 days before the other closely-allied species ; also she has the fringes, of 

 her wings white, instead of pale brown, as was the case with all the 

 others. I first caught it on the Caraman on June 10th ; but at Tokat, 

 in the middle of July, it was apparently quite fresh out, and in fine 

 condition, when every sign of it had long since disappeared at Amasia. 



Var. iphigenia, H.S. — I took two examples of a paler blue at Tokat, 

 which I suppose would be classed as belonging to this variety. 



L. argiolus, L. — In the Kerasdere, &c., near Amasia, in June. 



L. sebrus, B. — Fresh out on the Caraman and other places, end of 

 May and beginning of June. 



L. semiargus var. bellis, Frr. — A few very fine specimens at Broussa 

 in May ; one at Amasia in June ; and a few, not very fresh, from the 

 pine forest on the old Silva Koad, near Tokat, in July. 



L. cyllarns, Kott. — Common at Broussa in May. 



L. iolas, 0. — A remarkably fine form at Amasia in June, and Tokat 

 in July. The specimens were fresher at Tokat, and I hoped for a 

 second brood at Amasia, which, however, did not appear. 



Ubythea celtis, L. — Common at Amasia and Tokat. 



Limenitis Camilla, S.V. — At Broussa in May, and again in August 

 and September. The autumn brood of this species was extremely 

 plentiful. It also occurred at Amasia. 



V. Grapta egea, Cr. — At Amasia in July, but rare. 



V. G. c-album, L. — At Broussa in September. I took one speci- 

 men in which the dark marginal borders on all the wings were 

 replaced by a pale greenish ochre, and the under side was a plain dull 

 drab, with the markings much less distinct than is usual with this 

 species, but the c mark is quite typical. The rest of the specimens 

 from Broussa are of the form that is dark underneath. What is the 

 rule (if there is one) about these light and dark " commas ? " Of three 

 I have from North Italy, one is light, one is inclining towards being 

 dark, and the other is quite dark ; they were all summer broods taken 

 in the month of August, in different localities, the two first on the 

 plains, the last-named in the mountains. One I have from Switzer- 

 land, in July, and another from Sicily, in June, are both light. One 

 from Austria, and two from South-east Hungary, all in July, are 

 decidedly inclined to be dark ; therefore I cannot see that they can be 

 said to be influenced by season or altitude, but I do not recollect ever 

 having taken the two forms flying together at the same time and place. 



Vanessa polychloros, L. — Fairly common round Amasia throughout 

 the summer. 



V. xanthomelas var. fervida, Stdg. — I took only one specimen on the 

 Lokman, but saw several others ; I did not observe it in the valleys. 

 It seems to me to come nearer to V. xanthomelas than it does to V. poly- 

 chloros, indeed I find it difficult to separate it from the former at all. 



F. urticcB var. turcica, Stgr. — 1 secured over a hundred " lesser 

 tortoiseshell " larvae at Broussa, in April ; and after Bersa had endured 

 having his fingers stung with nettles several mornings, procuring their 

 food-plant, they all duly pupated. I had expected that a good per- 

 centage of them would also have been " stung " in a different way, but as 

 this was the case with only one out of all the number I had, there was 

 indeed more than enough when the butterflies began emerging in the 



