304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



and curves abruptly at the sixth and seventh segments, termi- 

 nating in a well-developed cremaster ; the abdomen is fairly 

 straight along the ventral surface ; near the apex the wing is 

 swollen, and then runs in an almost straight line to the head. 

 Dorsal view : the head is square, the thorax projecting and 

 angular, indented at the waist and swollen across the third 

 abdominal segment, then gradually tapering to a point. Colour : 

 the head, thorax, and wings shining olive-brown ; the abdomen 

 chequered and speckled with olive-brown, ochreous, black and 

 white ; spiracles large, black, and conspicuous ; on the third and 

 fourth segments is a clouded pearly-white blotch, which spreads 

 in the form of a large blotch over the centre of the hind margin 

 of the wing. There are seven longitudinal rows of short, blunt, 

 deep amber-coloured tubercles or points on the abdomen, the 

 subspiracular series being very small ; those forming the sub- 

 dorsal rows are the largest ; the medio-dorsal and super-spiracular 

 ones are about equal in size ; all these are surrounded at the base 

 by whitish ; the subdorsal points on the prothorax, mesothorax, 

 metathorax, and first two abdominal segments are placed on 

 brilliant burnished silver-gilt disks, the largest being on the 

 metathorax ; the inner margin wing-ridge is pearly whitish, the 

 head and eye speckled with dull white ; the surface is shining 

 and covered with minute granulations, and when viewed under 

 the microscope exactly resembles the skin of a toad, especially 

 the wing- surface. The thoracic dorsal surface and abdomen are 

 sprinkled with minute club-tipped bristles. 



The first two butterflies (both females) emerged on Sept. 

 25th, followed by others on the three following days, but only ten 

 out of ninety pupae emerged, these being three males and seven 

 females. Eighty of the pupae died, although these were all fine 

 as regards size, and apparently quite healthy at first. There is 

 no doubt that the late autumn English climate is quite unsuited 

 for the existence of this species, as well as it is for both Colias 

 edusa and C. hyale, Pieris daplidice and Vanessa antiopa, apparently 

 none of these being able to establish themselves in this country. 



November, 1903. 



LEPIDOPTERA REARED FROM OVA OR LARVAE DURING 

 THE PAST SEASON. 



By F. a. Oldakek, M.A. 



Broadly speaking, the year 1903 has been in my experience 

 a disastrous one for larvae. Quite eighty per cent, of those 

 which have passed through my hands have died, and I cannot 

 assign as a cause any neglect or want of precaution on my part. 

 Food has been kept fresh, and breeding-cages have been kept 

 clean, but the methods which in former years have succeeded 



