46 SPHINX VESPIFORMIS, 



in the existence of such relationships. Now, we will ask, 

 Are there not innumerable relations of analogy between the 

 Hymenoptera and the Diptera, and even the Lepidoptera? 

 Are not almost all the genera of the first typified in the second; 

 and are there not exotic species of Tenthredo L., whose trans- 

 parent wings, with well-defined coloured margins and banded 

 abdomens, might cause even an entomologist to mistake them 

 for Sesiae, or Egeriae, at a short distance? And again, Do 

 not any Hemipterous insects strongly resemble the former 

 Lepidopterous genus ? 



The author, moreover, rejects, and with great semblance of 

 reason, the division of insects into Haustellata and Mandi- 

 bulata. He even places so little value on the characters depen- 

 dent on the form of the mouth, as to hint that Pulex is nearly 

 allied to Coleoptera. In this we think him decidedly wrong, 

 considering it much nearer to the Diptera. We will now pro- 

 ceed to the Lepidoptera, of which he gives a diagram, first 

 quoting the following sentence : — 



" Whoever will give himself the trouble to examine thorouglily 

 a collection of British Lepidoptera, will find a very great majority 

 of them evincing very evident symptoms of relation to one or other 

 of the following species : — Papilio Machaon, Sphinx Ligustri, Pyralis 

 verticalis. Tinea pelionella, Noctua pronuba, and Geometra robo- 

 raria ; and should any form, widely different from either of these, 

 occur, it may, if the larva be known, be placed in the centre of a 

 ring, formed by the groups, which we will suppose surrounding 

 their respective types." — P. 33. 



These six insects form the types of his six external groups ; 

 the central one he considers to have for its type Attacus Atlas. 



Considering Urania allied to Geometra, by its setaceous 

 antennae, Mr. Newman supposes it met by Ourapteryx in that 

 subclass, whilst Castnia and Coronis connect the Papiliones 

 to Sphinx ; both these he seems to think Papiliones. With 

 respect to Coronis, he most probably is correct : but Castnia, 

 setting with its wings deflexed, as we have ourselves observed, 

 can scarcely be a butterfly; but far more resembles, even in 

 the colouring in some species, Catocala. With regard to 

 Urania, also, both its antennae and palpi bear a near resem- 

 blance to those of Erebus, with which Fabricius placed some 

 of the species, remarkable for their near resemblance in colour 



