BXPEKIMENTS IN HYBKIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 75 



almost entirely conceals the hind wing, and the abdomen is 

 raised high in the air. As pairing generally takes place from 

 the side in these butterflies, such a position effectually prevents 

 it ; and from the numerous cases which have come under my 

 notice, I can have but little doubt that the significance of the 

 attitude is appreciated by the male. 



It will be of much interest to learn whether there is any 

 reason to believe that the mating habits of Parnassius are similar 

 to those of Acrcsa ; for, if it be so, it will lend considerable 

 support to the explanation of the pouch proposed above. 



Salisbury, Mashonaland : December, 1900. 



SYNOPSIS OF EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND 

 TEMPERATURE MADE WITH LEPIDOPTERA UP TO 

 THE END OF 1898. 



By Pbof. Dr. Max Standfuss. 



(Concluded from p. 13.) 



These peculiar phenomena will be more easily understood by 

 two observations made by Darwin, who gathered a lot of inte- 

 resting material about these matters in his wonderful works. 



Firstly, he cites a number of facts, which apparently prove 

 the presence of characters which are present in a latent form in 

 the living creature, and, under normal conditions, remain latent. 

 He states, that there exist in all females secondary male 

 characters in a latent form, and, vice versa, which are in a 

 state of quiescence, but are ready, under certain conditions, to 

 develope. 



Secondly, Darwin proves the existence of a correlative change, 

 in fact, the correlation of parts of the living organism. A special 

 case of correlation of characters is that between primary and 

 secondary sexual characters. Stags, whose testicles have been 

 injured either by a shot or in any other manner, grow monstrous 

 horns. If one testicle is entirely lost, the horn on that side of 

 the body ceases entirely to develope. 



It is, further, by no means rare for female individuals, whose 

 genital apparatus has been injured, removed by an operation, or 

 become atrophied by age, to acquire secondary male sexual 

 characters ; as, on the other hand, the male may acquire 

 secondary female sexual characters. These facts are to be 

 traced to the presence, in a latent form, of the characters of the 

 other sex. 



In our special case of gynandromorphic structures among 

 secondary hybrids, the malformation and degeneration of the egg- 



