NOTES ON SOME COCCID^. OF THE EARLIEK WRITERS. 91 



Gmel., is said to be the same. This is Geoffroy's ovai and 

 cottony Chermes of the oak. 



PuLViNARiA BETUL^ (L.) ; Coccus hetulcB, L., S. N. X. 1758, 

 p. 455. — Linne in the place cited gives no description, but refers 

 to 'Fauna Suecica.' The latter work informs us that it occurs 

 solitary on the branches of Betula alha,\)\\i still gives no descrip- 

 tion. Fabricius says of the insect, "corpus minutum, album," 

 and cites only Linne. I have seen only the ' Fauna Suecica ' of 

 1761, and do not know what an earlier edition may contain; 

 but on the face of things there seems nothing to prove that the 

 Linneau insect is the Puhmiaria hetulce of Signoret and authors, 

 or even a Piilvinaria. 



PuLViNARiA CARPiNi (L.) ; Coccus cavpini, L,, S. N. x. 1758, 

 p. 455. — Signoret says this is the same as Eeaumur's pi. vi. 

 figs. 5, 9, 11. These three figures are all Piilvinaria, but fig. 5 

 is the type figure of P. vitis ; fig. 9 is a species on oak, I suppose 

 P. sericea ; fig. 11 is the type figure of P. oxyacanthee. It seems 

 very doubtful whether the Linnean carpini can be identified, 

 but Signoret's carpini is presumably identical with Lecanium 

 carpini, Ratzeburg, Forstins. iii. p. 194, pi. ii. f. 6. 



The whole question of the classification of the European 

 species of Piilvinaria needs to be reconsidered, both as to the 

 validity of the species, and the correct application of the names 

 currently assigned to them. 



Lecanium, Illiger, in Burmeister, ' Handbuch der Ento- 

 mologie,' ii. pt. i. 1835, p. 69. — The first species mentioned is 

 L. hesperidimi (L.), which must be regarded as the type. Calym- 

 natiis, Costa, with the same type, dates from 1827 or 1828, and 

 therefore has priority, unless an earlier publication of Lecanium 

 can be discovered. Scudder, following Agassiz, writes Lecanium, 

 Burm., 1835, in the ' Nomenclator Zoologicus.' 



The following species, hitherto placed in Lecanium, are the 

 more typical members of Calymnatus : — C. hesperidum (L.), C. 

 longiilus (Dough), C. minimus (Newst.), C. viridis (Green), C. 

 schini (Ckll.), C.flaveolus (Ckll.), C. nanus (Ckll.), C. acunmiatus 

 (Sign.), C. terminalice (Ckll.), C. angustatus (Sign.), and a few 

 others. Eiilecanium and Saissetia ought probably to be regarded 

 as distinct genera. 



EuLECANiuM PuscuM (Fourc.) ; Chermes fuscus, Fourcroy, 

 1785 ; Coccus fuscus, Gmel., 1788, in part. — Fourcroy's name is 

 based on Geoffroy's account (Ins. Par. i. p. 507, No. 11) ; 

 Geoffroy says the species seems not to differ from that of the 

 elm, but he quotes Reaumur's pi. v. fig. 2, which has the appear- 

 ance of a Kennes. Douglas (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1887, p. 98) declares 

 that Reaumur's figure represents a Lecanium known to him, 

 even in details of marking ; but to me the shape and mode of 

 attachment to the twig indicate a species of Kermes. Gmelin's 

 account of the insect seems decidedly mixed, and he says of it, 



