78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



we can gather from the illustrations of the complex structures of ova, 

 larvae, pupae, and imagines thus revealed, precisely how these results 

 have been attained. We are also able to follow the author's chain of 

 reasoning as it leads up to the establishment of species based upon 

 sound scientific differentiation, discarding mere superficial marking of 

 the wings and the external similitude of one particular stage of 

 development, and drawing final conclusions from a review made of the 

 whole life-history of each individual, now presented in complete 

 sequence for the first time. The discovery of separation of species by 

 the character of their appendages knocked on the head some old- 

 established theories as to what constituted a species in Lepidoptera. 

 Mr. Tutt goes further, and in the process of assigning these one or 

 two species their proper place in the scheme of butterfly classification 

 carries his anatomical investigations far beyond anything of the kind 

 already attempted. We feel quite sure, therefore, that whatever 

 affinities exist, and whatever further Hght may be thrown on this 

 difiicult subject, no conscientious systematist will ever again return to 

 the easy methods complacently accepted by British and Continental 

 authors. Mr. Tutt, we are certain, would be the first to acknowledge 

 how large a share of the credit for this is due to those who have 

 exerted themselves for him, and under his instructions. Yet we 

 would remind our readers that it is only by cordial co-operation 

 among British lepidopterists, whether engaged with biological pro- 

 blems or with the pleasures of field natural history, that this classic 

 series can ever be completed. We have, indeed, comparatively few 

 British butterflies, but those we have offer a wide field for research, 

 still in many cases wholly unexplored. Those who are endeavouring 

 to do this pioneer work ought to be encouraged, and we trust that 

 the public libraries, and Natural History Societies throughout the 

 United Kingdom will come forward to support an enterprise which 

 should not be left to private subscription only. 



H. E.-B. 



Catalogue Systematique et Biologique des HymenoiMres de France. 

 Par Jules de Gaulle, Membre de la Soci6te Entomologique 

 de France. Pp. 171. With Introduction and Index of Genera, 

 Plant-names, and Host-names. Paris: Paul KHncksieck, 3, 

 Eue Corneille. 1908. [Extrait de la ' Feuille des Jeunes 

 Naturalistes,' 1906-8.] 



As the author of the present work very truly says, it certainly is 

 of very considerable use to supplant the hymenopterous ' Catalogue ' 

 pubhshed by Dours in 1874 by a fresh one, bringing up to date in a 

 concise form all that has been done in France upon the Hymenoptera 

 during the past quarter of a century. And, indeed, when we compare 

 the two, we get as good a conspectus as is anywhere obtainable of 

 what the last twenty-five years has produced. Our friend M. de 

 Gaulle pretends to no novel classification, but freely avows that he 

 follows Dalla Torre, except where the latter has been elaborated by 

 the subsequent works of Andr6, Berthoumieu, Eev. T. A. Marshall, 

 Du Buysson, the late Pastor Konow, and, unfortunately, of Kieffer. 

 Perhaps it had been better in a few instances, such as the specific 



