DISTRIBUTION OF PAPILIONID^ IN THE HIMALAYAS. 203 



5. Cold Temperate Zone 7500-10,000 ft. 



6. Sub-Alpine or Sub-Arctic Zone 10,000-12,500 ft. 



7. Alpine or Arctic Zone 12,500-15,000 ft. 



8. Snow or Polar Zone 15,000-17,500 ft. 



These figures must only be considered as approximately 



correct, as they vary greatly in different parts of the chain. In 

 the interior of Sikkim, as well as in the North-west Himalayas, 

 zones 2 to 6 are generally from 1000 to 3000 ft. lower, while in 

 the latter part of the chain the alpine and snow zones rise con- 

 siderably higher. 



The following abbreviations have been employed : — ■ 



E. Signifies that the species is only found, so far as is 

 known, to the eastward of Nepaul : 33 species. 



W. That the species is confined to the west thereof : 

 5 species. 



The number of species which range throughout the entire 

 chain consisting of 19 species. 



While the total number recorded from the whole of the 

 Himalayas is 57 species. 



* Denotes that the species is probably only an immigrant 

 in the particular zone indicated, and does not perform its 

 metamorphoses there. Including these occasional visitors, the 

 number of species occurring in each climatal zone may be given 

 approximately as under : — 



2. Tropical Zone 



3. Sub-Tropical Zone 



4. Warm Temperate Zone 



5. Cold Temperate Zone ... 



6. Sub-Alpine or Sub-Arctic Zone 



7. Alpine or Arctic Zone 



8. Snow or Polar Zone ... 

 In the South-eastern Himalayas, on the outer hills, zones 



Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 belong in preponderating degree to the Indo- 

 Chinese province of the Indo-Malayan Eegion of zoogeographers, 

 while in the interior thereof, zones Nos. 5 and 6 belong, in like 

 measure, to the Manchurian province of the extensive Palaearctic 

 Eegion ; the latter, however, being considered, in the North-west 

 Himalayas, as approximating more closely to the Mediterranean 

 province of the same. Throughout the entire chain, zones 

 Nos. 7 and 8 belong exclusively to the Siberian province of the 

 Patearctic Eegion of Messrs. P. H. Sclater and A. E. Wallace. 



An analysis of the Himalayan Papilionidae according to their 

 zoogeographical affinities furnishes the following interesting 

 results : — 



Belonging to the Indo-Chinese province of the Indo-Malayan 

 Eegion : 38 species (of which 9 also occur in the Indo-Malayan 

 province). 



Belonging to the Hindustani province of the Indo-Malayan 

 Eegion: 2 species (of which 1 also occurs in the Cingalese province). 



