204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Belonging in equal degree to the Hindustani and Indo-Chinese 

 provinces : 10 species. 



Total for Indo-Malayan Eegion : 50 species. 



Belonging to the Manchurian and Mediterranean provinces 

 of the Palasarctic Eegion : 1 species. 



Belonging to the Siberian province of the Palsearctic Eegion : 

 6 species. 



Total for Palaearctic Eegion : 7 species. 



But these statistics exclude the species of Indo-Malayan 

 origin which also occur in the Palaearctic Eegion in the Hima- 

 layas, which, including immigrants, amounts to about ten, 

 increasing the total of the family occurring in the Palfearctic 

 portion of the chain to seventeen. While, if we include all those 

 species which frequent the two temperate zones on the outer 

 hills, which belong climatically, although not zoologically, to 

 the Palsearctic Eegion, the number of tropical and temperate 

 modifications of tropical forms belonging to the Indo-Malayan 

 Eegion would be represented by the substantial total of twenty- 

 eight, some eighteen being indigenous thereto, the remaining 

 ten being only casual visitors. This affords an interesting 

 comparison to that which is the case in the preponderatingly 

 Palaearctic province of Northern China and .fapan, where in 

 corresponding climatal zones, though considerably further north, 

 a somewhat similar intermingling of tropical and temperate 

 forms takes place. Here, however, though the Indo-tropical 

 element in the Ehopalocera fauna is probably equally in evidence 

 as regards the number of individuals is concerned, the number 

 of temperate Palaearctic species is considerably in excess. This, 

 however, does not apply to the Papilionidfe, in which family, 

 strange to say, the tropical element is most numerous in species, 

 consisting, in fact, of seventeen to only five of a Palaearctic 

 temperate character, according to Mr. H. J. Elwes in his 

 interesting paper " On the Butterflies of Amurland, North China, 

 and Japan," published in the * Proceedings of the Zoological 

 Society of London for 1881,' in which are given the names of as 

 many as ten Himalayan species (including Papilio machaon), 

 which are also found there. 



It was no doubt the fact of the Indo-tropical facies being so 

 pronounced that induced the late Dr. Staudinger to regard North 

 China and Japan as an integral part of the Indo-Malay Eegion, 

 although I personally fully concur with my venerable friend Dr. 

 Alfred Eussel Wallace in considering that they should be re- 

 tained in the Palaearctic Eegion, to the Manchurian province of 

 which they properly belong. 



I will conclude by stating that the number of Himalayan 

 Papilionidse which range southwards to the equatorial districts 

 of the Malay Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago, the Deccan, 

 and Ceylon (including representative forms and geographical 

 varieties) consists of at least twenty species. 



