VIPARITY IN LEPIDOPTERA. 309 



those desirous of doing so will, therefore, have to re-arrange the 

 described forms to fit in with their own ideas. 



If, for example, one wishes to arrange the aberrations from 

 striana as a starting-point, they would follow in sequence thus : — 

 proxtriana, striana, semistriana, suhstriana, brunnea, hrunneana, 

 spadiceana, insulana, consimilana, sericana, merlana, ulotana, des- 

 fontainana, transversana, and this would bring us up to cristana 

 (vere), omitting the side branch, to chantana, &c. 



Where description has been necessary, I have kept as closely 

 as possible to Stainton's colour terms, all of which are well 

 known to us. The bracketed portions need no comment, for 

 the names are only given to make the tale of cristana varieties 

 complete. 



As to the other varieties mentioned in Doubleday's list, but 

 not particularly referred to already : — 



Lichenana, Curt., may perhaps be identical with suhvittana, 

 Steph. 



Unicolorana, Desv. — The ground colour of this is mentioned 

 as dark green, which surely cannot refer to any form of cristana. 

 The unicolorous pale brown variety, so well known, was placed 

 in all our older collections under this name, and it had better be 

 retained for such forms. 



Riificristana, Johns., was, as we have said, very properly 

 dropped, for its only mark of distinction was the little red spot 

 at the base of the wing. This is frequently present in many of 

 the cristana aberrations, notably so in cristana (vere), merlana, 

 striana, brunnea, semiustana, snbfidvovittana, and cristalana. 



Of the foreign aberrations mentioned in Clark's list, rossiana, 

 Fab., dates back to 1794, and may have been a stunted speci- 

 men of cristana, whilst the other — albicostana, Sand — is evidently 

 one of the citrtisana group, unknown to us as British. These 

 should be expunged from our catalogues. 



On the other hand, a look-out should be kept for other speci- 

 mens of the following, which are at present represented in my 

 collection by single examples : — 



1. An insect, like a large desfontainana, with pale mottlings 

 at the ends of the wings ; no rufous line above the central orange 

 dash, a whitish costal half fascia ending at the button, and vitta 

 entirely wanting. 



2. A modification of desfontainana, with subvittana basal 

 blotch. 



VIVIPARITY IN LEPIDOPTERA. 



By F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. 



Some two years ago, whilst staying with the Rev. C. R. N. 

 Burrows, we paid some little attention to the wax pouch of 

 female Parnassius apollo, and in the course of making one of the 



