358 THE BNTOMOIiOGUST. 



(6) " Some Notes on Scandinavian and Lapland Butterflies," 

 by H. Eowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S., 'Entomologist,' xxxix. 

 p. 220. 



(7) " Notes on a Small Collection of Lepidoptera made by 

 Dr. T. A. Chapman in Lapland," by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Ent. 

 Record, viii. p. 289, and observations thereon, by W. E. Nichol- 

 son, F.E.S. {ihicL), p. 294. 



It will be noted that all these articles, except Mr. Eowland- 

 Brown's, deal with Norway only, and possibly this was one of 

 the reasons that decided me to confine my attention entirely to 

 Swedish territory ; there were others, however, that had their 

 influence, among them being the difficulty experienced in Nor- 

 way, that in consequence of the proximity of the Gulf Stream 

 butterflies emerge in the Arctic Regions at practically the same 

 dates that they do in the South ; one cannot therefore with 

 advantage collect in both these areas in one season. 



In Sweden the arctic portions are much colder, and thus in 

 this country one can occupy the first half of June with the 

 south and then proceed by train, a two days' journey, to the 

 north, to find the season of emergence just commencing there. 

 Then, again, the rainfall of Sweden is much less than that of 

 Norway, and this seemed to promise a greater chance of sun- 

 shine, and consequent better opportunities of observing and 

 collecting, and probably greater abundance of specimens than 

 were likely to be found in the sister country. 



It is the usual experience in discussing Scandinavia with 

 those of our acquaintance who have visited it, and who have any 

 knowledge of Lepidoptera, to be told that the only butterflies 

 they have seen there were the species common in all countries, 

 such as red admirals, tortoiseshells, orange-tips, &c. ; this is no 

 doubt a fact, and it is accountable on the supposition that the 

 relators did not search in the proper places. Nowhere in 

 Europe, I suppose, are the special butterflies of a country more 

 local than in Sweden, and presumably in Norway also. 



Until the dawn of civilization a few hundred years ago, the 

 whole country up to the tree limit, was covered entirely by forests 

 of birch, spruce, and pine, and swamps ; a great portion — 

 probably three-fourths of the area or even more — is still in 

 practically primeval condition. 



These forests are usually so thick as to preclude the growth 

 of the plants butterfly larvae feed upon, and thus you may 

 wander in them for hours without seeing a butterfly, or for a 

 week without being able to net one you would care to take home. 



In the swamps, which are in area but a small percentage of 

 the entire country, the case is different ; it does not seem to 

 matter much whether a swamp is hidden away in the depths of 

 some great forest, where a hollow has held the moisture for 

 ages, or if it is in the slope of a mountain, where a stream- 



