THE WITNESS OF PHILOLOGY. 323 



the greater the definition which they thus acquire as parts of 

 speech, the more do they severally undergo that process of 

 connotative extension as to meaning which is everywhere the 

 index of a growing appreciation of analogies. Lastly, object- 

 words and attributive-words {i.e. denotative names of things 

 and denotative names of qualities or actions), come to be used 

 in apposition. But the rudimentary or unthinking form of 

 predication which results from this is due to merely sensuous 

 associations and the external " logic of events ; " like the 

 elements of which it is composed, it is not conceptual, but 

 pre-conceptual. With the dawn of self-consciousness, how- 

 ever, predication begins to become truly conceptual ; and 

 thus enters upon its prolonged course of still gradual develop- 

 ment in the region of introspective thought. 



All these general facts, it will be remembered, were 

 established on grounds of psychological observation alone ; I 

 nowhere invoked the independent witness of philology. But 

 the time having now come for calling in this additional testi- 

 mony, the corroborating force of it appears to me overwhelming. 

 For it everywhere proves the growth of predication to have 

 been the same in the race as we have found it to be in the 

 individual. Therefore, as in the latter case, so in the former, 

 I now ask — Will any opponent venture to affirm that pre- 

 conceptual ideation is indicative of judgment? Or, which is 

 the same thing, will he venture to deny that there is an all- 

 important distinction between predication as receptual and 

 predication as conceptual ? Will he still seek to take refuge 

 in the only position now remaining, and argue, as above 

 supposed, that not only in the childish appositions of denota- 

 tive names, but even in the earlier and hitherto undifferentiated 

 protoplasm of a " sentence-word," we have that faculty of 

 predication on which he founds his distinction between man 

 and brute ? Obviously, if he will not do this, his argument 

 is at an end, seeing that in the race, as in the individual, there 

 is now no longer any question as to the continuity between 

 the predicative germ in a sentence-word, and the fully evolved 

 structure of a formal proposition. On the other hand, if he 



