42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



On August 27th I received five living females from my friend 

 Commander Gwatkin- Williams, R.N., who had taken them the day 

 before at Broadstairs, where C. edusa appears to have been rather 

 plentiful. They were placed under musHn hoods over growing plants 

 of white clover and birdsfoot trefoil in flower-pots, and put in a warm 

 place in the garden. Next day I saw a good many eggs had been 

 laid, and by the time the last female died, two or three hundred ova 

 had been deposited. The eggs were pearly-white at first, but soon 

 changed to orange, and by September 2nd some had become lead 

 colour, and larvae began to hatch out the following day. The young 

 larvae were dingy-olive, with shining black heads, and their first act 

 was to devour their egg-shells, then, after they had rested a bit, they 

 wandered about, and finally settled either in the middle or at one 

 of the corners of a leaf, and began to nibble at the upper cuticle, 

 making small blotches. They laid up for their first change on 

 September 10th, and some had got through by the 12th, and were 

 then dull green, with minute black dots and short pale hairs. I will 

 not give any further account of their progress, as that has been done 

 so many times by other writers. The pots were kept in a window 

 facing south, and everything went well with the larvae until the 

 temperature began to fall towards the beginning of October, when 

 many of the smaller ones began to sicken and die off. Some of the 

 larger ones by this time were nearly full grown. On October 9th I 

 noticed one had attached itself to the side of the muslin hood, and 

 the next day became a pupa. By the 17th there were a dozen pupae, 

 but scores of larvae had died, and those remaining would not eat, 

 and eventually they all perished. None of them appeared to make 

 any attempt to hibernate. By this time it was getting very much 

 colder, and I had started a fire in my sitting-room. All the pupae 

 were now pinned to a sheet of cork, and this was placed under a 

 glass cylinder, with a French Clocke over it, on a table close to the 

 window, where they got the full benefit of the sun. On the 26th 

 the first pupa began to change colour, and by the 31st the wing 

 cases were bright orange, and the black margins of the wings plainly 

 visible, and on November 2nd, about noon, I observed the butterfly 

 trying to escape from its chrysalis, and it had evidently been trying 

 for a little time before I noticed it, as its wings were hanging down 

 partially developed, so I lifted glass and cylinder and, with a pair of 

 forceps, managed to free it, but it was then so feeble it could not 

 grasp anything, and I had to hold it by its front legs, after which I 

 managed to tie a piece of silk round them, then passed the silk over 

 a pin in a piece of cork and left it, and eventually the wings grew 

 to their full size, though one of them was slightly puckered, but I 

 managed to smooth this out when I set it. Other pupse were 

 changing colour at this time, but most of the butterflies seemed 

 to be unable to emerge, and I only bred five altogether, viz : 

 November 2nd, one male ; November 6th, one female ; November 

 9th, two males ; November 11th, one male. Unfortunately I have 

 no greenhouse, if I had I should no doubt have bred a larger number 

 of the butterflies. — Gervase F. Mathew ; Lee House, Dovercourt, 

 November 17th, 1913. 



