193 



Meaxs of I^'TRODLTCTION OF Immigkant Species of 



EXCYRTIDAE. 



There are published records of the intentional introduction 

 of only two of our Hawaiian Encyrtidae, namely Tanaomastix 

 abnormis (Girault) and Comperiella hifasciata Howard, the 

 latter of which was found here before its liberation but has not 

 been seen since. The introduction of Paracopidosomopsis tnin- 

 caiella (Dalman), and a Chalcaspis species has been reported 

 upon also by Koebele and Craw, but neither of these parasites 

 has been recovered. It is probable that Anagyrus nigricoimis 

 Timberlake was introduced by Koebele, and Pawidia peregrina 

 Timberlake may have been brought from China by Compere 

 although we have no definite information on these introduc- 

 tions. As far as we actually know none of our other Encyrtids 

 was intentionally introduced, and probably most of them ar- 

 rived in importations of plants before the days of strict quar- 

 antine. ApJiidencyrtus schizoneurae (Ashmead) might have 

 been brought in importations of cabbage or other vegetables 

 from California, and in fact Mr. Fullaway has informed me 

 that several of our Aphidid parasites and hyperparasites were 

 intentionally allowed to escape from material received here in 

 i?uch a manner. Two others of our Encyrtidae. Hclegonatopus 

 pseudophanes Perkins and Saronotum americanum Perkins, 

 which are parasites of Dryinidae, were probably either acci- 

 dentally or perhaps intentionally liberated, through ignorance 

 of their true nature, from material sent to Honolulu from 

 Ohio by Koebele in 1903. They are both known to have been 

 reared at Honolulu from the Ohio material, and as they ap- 

 peared in the cane fields a few years later it seems probable 

 that they were introduced at that time. 



Aids ix the Establishme?:t of Immigraxt Species 



of Excybtidae. 



When an emigrant species of parasite reaches a new 



region it is of course a prerequisite for its establishment that 



it finds its customary host or one related closely eiiough to act 



as a substitute. All Encvrtidae so far as known are internal 



