IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 189 



Evidence of choice on the part of an organism is a criterion 

 of mind. 



The evidence of choice is a discriminating response to stimuli. 



Sensation is feeling aroused by stimulus. 



Memory arises from the after-effect of a stimulus and leads 

 to the association of ideas and recollections. 



Perception is an establishment of specific relations among 

 states of consciousness. It is a mental interpretation of sensa. 

 tions in terms of past experience. It is everywhere bound up 

 with memory, and in its highest stages involves inference. 

 According to this writer all but the very lowest invertebrates 

 among animals give evidence of perception. 



Instincts originate in two ways. 



Ftrst — By natural selection, by which fortunate actions, 

 although not intelligent, being of advantage, lead to the pres- 

 ervation of the individuals showing such activities. 



Second. — By the effects of habit in successive generations, 

 actions which were originally intelligent, become, as it were 

 stereotyped into permanent instincts. 



"Reason is the faculty which is concerned in the intentional 

 adaptation of means to ends. It therefore implies the conscious 

 knowledge of the relation between means employed and ends 

 attained, and may be exercised in adaptations to circumstance, 

 novel alike to the experience of the individual and to that of 

 the species. " 



Mr. Romanes is very strongly "of the opinion that a great 

 number of the acts of the lower animals indicate reason as 

 above defined. We will not, however, enter at present on 

 the discussion of this question. I wish merely to point out 

 and emphasize the fact that this able writer, approaching the 

 question from the standpoint of the naturalist, has no doubt 

 whatever that the lower animals reason. C Lloyd Morgan of 

 Bristol, England, is, I believe, regarded as one of the leading 

 psychologists of the day, has written an extensive work on 

 human psychology, and a smaller, but thoroughly scientific 

 treatise called "An Introduction to Comparative Psychology." 

 He is probably more admirably trained for philosophical dis- 

 cussion than was Romanes, and impresses one as a thinker of 

 unusual ability and accuracy. His style is remarkably clear 

 and lucid, and his writings show little of the intellectual dis- 

 honesty that is apt to mar the work of the ordinary controver- 

 sialist. 



14 [la. Acad. Scl., Vol. v.] [July 9, 1898.] 



