IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 191 



the oftener this is done the more certain is this group of 

 impressions to recur when one of them is presented as fo al in 

 consciousness. For example I can never, try as I may, avoid 

 the recurrence of a mental picture of two little swampy Cree 

 Indians with their mouths wide open, whenever I hear t^e 

 music of that grand old church hymn "Onward Christian 

 Soldiers." 



Morgan distinctly admits the presence of the wave of con- 

 sciousness in animals. He further admits, as indeed do all 

 men who have thought on the subject, that the phenomena of 

 association of idaas is constantly in evidence in animal psychol- 

 ogy. It is also evident that these associations once formed 

 . are the basis of intelligent action. 



The young chick associates the sense impression conveyed 

 by a seed with the pleasurable sensation caused by eating it. 



In the future, therefore, he unhesitatingly eats the seed as 

 soon as he sees it. The grain of sand is not associated with a 

 pleasurable gustatory sensation a.nd he lets it alone. In other 

 words, intelligence is guided by sense experience. 



"Memory is the reinstatement or revival, through secondary 

 suggestion, of psychical elements or constituents which have 

 faded from consciousness. " It works apparently through 

 association of ideas. 



Memory is involuntary while recollection is voluntary. 



Memory maybe a simple reinstatement, or in its higher phases 

 it may involve a definite localization in time of past events. I 

 the latter event it has to do with relation, some reference to the 

 how, where and when. 



Our author believes that many animals habitually exercise 

 memory in the sense of a simple reinstatement through sugges- 

 tion. He does not believe that they exercise the higher 

 memory that involves the perception of relations. 



"A percept is an impression to which is added a conscious 

 or sub-conscious perception of relation to the subject or to 

 other objects. "' 



In our wave of consciousness, the attention is focused on 

 various objects in succession. It is transferred rapidly from 

 one to another The consciousness of the transition is mar- 

 ginal. Now if we can go back again and focus the attention in 

 the transition itself, we are engaged in perceiving the relation 

 of the two objects, whatever they may be. This operation 

 involves retrospection. Our author here goes into a maze of 



