30 lOWxV ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



'round the planet and is carried into effect at Tientsin and 

 Pekin, In direct contrast, unscientific Cliina outspreads 

 iier-bulk like some vast insensate vegetal growth. Under 

 attack even at a vital point, she can neither mobilize her 

 armies, nor even disseminate a knowledge of the danger 

 before it is too late. It has been said by Giddings that, 

 "objectively view^ed, progress is an increasing intercourse, 

 a multiplication of relationships, an advance in material 

 well-being, a growth of population, and an evolution of 

 rational conduct. Subjectively, it is the expansion of the 

 consciousness of kind."* 



In all these respects science has been an accelerating- 

 force in the evolution of society. Increasing food supply 

 by means of scientific agriculture, lengthening life by the 

 repression of diseases, and introducing a thousand new 

 means of livelihood, it has made possible the extraordinary 

 recent growth of civilized nations. It permits the popula- 

 tion of Europe to more than double since 1800, and enables 

 England, which in the seventeenth century men thought 

 too small for its scanty population, to support in compara- 

 tive comfort more than 38,000,000 people. It encourages 

 the prophecy of Albert Bushnell Hart, that the Mississippi 

 valley will sooner or later contain a population of 350,- 

 000,000. 



At the same time science has produced a heterogeneity 

 of structure. The scientific principle discovered to-day flow- 

 ers to-morrow in invention and produces the seeds of social 

 arts and crafts. To Volta's researches in his villa on Lake 

 Como 5,000,000 men now employed in the many various arts 

 connected with electricity, owe in a measure their livelihood. 

 In promoting the development- of the complex organs of 

 society for the handling of energy, for distribution, and for 

 communication, science has constantly been a differen- 

 tiating force. 



By the same means it is accomplishing a more and more 

 complete integration. The separate life of primitive 

 society, the old personal independence, is gone. In the 



^Principles of Sciology, New York, 181)6, p. 359. 



