210 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



Ill regard to the first, the law usually permits the sale 

 of mixtures or compounds, provided they are labeled " mix- 

 ture " or " compound," but the end of the law is defeated 

 in some instances. For example, such goods as compound 

 pancake flour, compound syrups, etc., are perfectly legiti- 

 mate articles of food. But when it comes to compounding 

 spices, it is evidently a different matter. The consumer 

 may know, in a sense, what he is getting, but a label that 

 confesses the crime, is evading the law in a bold manner. 



In regard to guilty knowledge on the part of the vendor 

 of adulterated foods it is difficult to convict. It will be 

 claimed in his behalf that intent is the essence of crime. 

 But if a saloon-keeper unintentionally sells to a minor, 

 still he offends, and may be prosecuted successfully for his 

 offense. 



It will work no hardship in the long ran to hold the 

 grocer responsible for the purity of his goods. It is suc- 

 cessfully done both in Michigan and Wisconsin. The 

 grocer takes pains to buy his goods from a reliable house 

 under written guarantee, then if he is prosecuted he can 

 fall back on the wholesaler, likewise the wholesaler can 

 fall back on the manufacturer. 



NOTES ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ASTRAG 

 ALUS CARYOCARPUS. 



F. W. FAUROT. 



While a student at the University of Nebraska the 

 writer became interested in plant embryology, a subject 

 which has attracted much attention during the past few 

 years, especially since the remarkable work of Stras- 

 iaurger', Guignard', and other European botanists. Many 

 American botanists, however, have since done much work 

 along embryological and cytological lines, viz.: Chamber- 

 lain, Webber, Schaffner, Harper, Coulter, and others. 

 Most of the work that has been done is of a purely tech- 

 nical and botanical character, excepting that done in the 



