THE MUSCULAR ANATOMY AND THE RESTORATION OF THE TITANOTHERES 



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Transverse process (t), posterior border: longissimus atlantis. 

 Inferior median spine: longus colli. 



Inferior arch, ventral surface: rectus capitis anticus lateralis, 

 rectus capitis anticus minor. 



Ligament attachments of the atlas 



Inferior arch: ligamentum occipito-atloideum ventrale. 

 Superior arch: Mgamentum occipito-atloideum dorsale. 



Muscle attachments of the axis. (See PL XLIII) 



Neural spine, median line: rectus capitis posticus major et 



medius. 

 Neural spine, lateral surface: obliquus capitis inferior. 

 Neural spine, lateral surface, posteriorly: multifidus spinae. 

 Postzygapophysis, dorsal surface: semispinalis capitis (com- 



plexus) . 

 Base of neural arch, side of centrum, and posterior portion of 



transverse process : intertransversales. 

 Transverse process, posteriorly: oleidomastoideus. 

 Inferior median keel, laterally: longus colli. 



Ligament attachments of the axis 



Neural crest, posteriorly: ligamentum nuchae. 



Neural spine, anteriorly: ligamentum interspinale. 



Neural arch, anterior border: ligamentum atlo-axoideum dorsale. 



Odontoid process, anteriorly: ligamentum apicis dentis. 



Centrum, inferiorly: ligamentum atlo-axoideum ventrale. 



Muscle attachments of cervical vertebrae 



Neural spine, anterolaterally : spinalis dorsi et cervicis. 



Neural spine, posterolaterally: multifidus spinae. 



Prezygapophysis and postzygapophysis, superficially: semii- 

 spinalis capitis (complexus). 



Prezj'gapophj'sis and postzygapophysis, middle layer: longis- 

 simus capitis et longus atlantis. 



Prezj'gapophysis and postzj'gapophysis, deep laj'er, superior: 

 multifidus spinae. 



Prezygapophysis and postzygapophysis, deep layer, inferior: 

 intertransversales. 



Pedicle of neural arch above transverse process: intertrans- 

 versales. 



Transverse process, antero-inferior ventral surface: longus colli. 



Transverse process, posterosuperior: intertransversales, lon- 

 gissimus cervicis, scalenus costarum, serratus anterior, rectus 

 capitis anticus major, oleidomastoideus, splenius capitis. 



Inferior spine, laterally: longus colli. 



Ligament attachments of cervical vertebrae 



Neural spine, tip: ligamentum nuchae. 



Neural spine, anterior median : ligamentum interspinale. 



Neural spine, posterior median : ligamentum interspinale. 



Neural arch, laterosuperiorly : ligamentum subflavum. 



Centra, dorsaUy, forming floor of neural canal: ligamentum 



commune dorsale. 

 Centra, ventraUy: ligamentum commune ventrale. 



Muscle attachments of second dorsal vertebra. (See fig. 651) 



Neural spines, near summit, laterally: splenius capitis, semi- 

 spinalis capitis (complexus). 



Neural spines, anterolaterally: spinalis dorsi et cervicis. 



Neural spines, posterolaterally, upper part: spinalis dorsi. 



Neural spines, posterolaterally, lower part: multifidus spinae. 



Transverse process, dorso-externally : semispinalis capitis, 

 multifidus spinae, longissimus cervicis, longissimus dorsi, 

 levator costae. 



Ligament attachments of second dorsal vertebra 



Similar to those of the cervical vertebrae (see above) ; also on 

 tip of neural spine: ligamentum supraspinale 



Muscle attachnents of tenth dorsal vertebra. 



Neural spine, near tip : spinalis dorsi or longissimus dorsi. 

 Neural spine, posterolaterally: multifidus spinae. 

 Transverse process, dorsal: multifidus spinae, longissimus 

 dorsi, levator costae. 



Figure 651. — Probable position and attachments of the | 

 principal muscles of the second and third dorsal verte- 

 brae of a lower Oligooene titanothere (Broniops cf. B. 

 robustus) 



Insertion areas in thinner black lines; directions of muscles in heavy blacli 

 lines. One-eighth natural size. 



Ligament attachments of tenth dorsal vertebra 



[See PI. CXCIX] 

 Muscle attachments of second lumbar vertebra 



Neural spine, on either side of tip: longissimus dorsi. 

 Neural spine, posterolaterally: multifidus spinae. 

 Prezygapophysis, antero-externally : multifidus spinae. 

 Side of centrum concealed by psoas minor. 



Ligament attachments of second lumbar vertebra 



Chief ligaments as in preceding vertebrae; also, to postero- 

 external corner of centrum: ligamentum iliolumbale. 



