S02 



TITANOTHERES OP ANCIENT WYOMING, DAKOTA, AND NEBRASKA 



formation from a small, high, narrow type of astrag- 

 alus, adapted to the cm-sorial foot of LamMoiherkim ^ 

 through the broadening mediportal stages exhibited 

 in Limnoliyops and Manteoceras, into the subgravi- 

 portal Protitanotlierium and the massive graviportal 

 Brontoiherium. 



The following five detailed changes are evolved, all 

 ■of which are more or less closely paralleled in other 

 lines of ungulates in the passage from the cursorial 

 to the graviportal condition: (1) A maximum vertical 

 diameter (height and width index) is replaced by a 

 maximum horizontal diameter (height and width 

 index); (2) the neck, or cervix, is relatively abbrevi- 

 ated; (3) the astragalocuboidal facet is greatly broad- 

 ened, a process analogous to the extension of the 

 lunar upon the magnum in the manus; (4) the ecto- 

 sustentacular and inferior astragalocalcaneal facets 

 are separated; (5) the astragalocalcaneal facet is 

 vertically elongated in Lambdotherium and becomes 

 rounded in Brontotherium. 



SECTION 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CHAPTERS VIII-X 



Allen, Joel Asaph. 



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