506 THE MUSCULATURE 



24. Muscles acting on the toes (arranged according to R. Fick). 



(a) To flex: all the joints, flexor hallucis longus, quadratus plantae, and flexor 

 digitorum longus; the first interphalangeal and the metatarso- 

 phalangeal joints of the four lateral toes, flexor digitorum 

 brevis; the metacarpo-phalangeal joints, the lumbricales, 

 interossei, abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis (oblique head), 

 flexor hallucis brevis, abductor digiti quinti, flexor digiti 

 quinti brevis. 



(6) To extend: all joints, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, 

 extensor digitorum brevis; the interphalangeal joints, the 

 lumbricales, and the adductors and abductors of the big and 

 little toes. 



(c) To abduct from an axis passing through the second toe; abductor hallucis, 

 dorsal interossei, abductor digiti quinti, first lumbrical. 



{d) To adduct toward this axis : adductores hallucis, plantar interossei, three more 

 lateral lumbricals. 



(e) To draw together the ends of the metatarsals: the transverse head of the ad- 

 ductor of the big toe. 



References. — For development of the muscular system, consult the list given by 

 W. H. Lewis, Development of the Muscular System, in Keibel and Mall's Human 

 Embryology; for variations: Le Double, Traite des variations du systeme 

 musculaire de I'homme; for action of muscles: R. Fick, Handbuch der Anatomic 

 und Mechanik der Gelenke unter Beriicksichtigung der bewegenden Muskeln, 

 in von Bardeleben's Handbuch, and H. Strasser, Lehrbuch der Muskel und 

 Gelenkmechanik; for the extremities: Frohse und Friinkel, Die Muskeln des 

 menschlichen Armes und Beines, in von Bardeleben's Handbuch; for the head 

 and trunk: Eisler, Die Muskeln des Stammes, in von Bardeleben's Handbuch; 

 for the pelvis: Holl, Die Muskeln und Fascien des Beckenausganges. Further 

 references to the literature upon the muscular system may be found in Poirier- 

 Charpy's Traite d'anatomie humaine. 



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