1240 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 



the pericardium. It extends between the first four thoracic vertebrae behind and the manu- 

 brium sterni in front, and contains the arch of the aorta and the great vessels arising from it, 

 the innominate veins, and the upper part of the superior vena cava, the thoracic duct, the lower 

 portion of the trachea, and a portion of the oesophagus, the phrenics, vagi, left recurrent and 

 cardiac nerves, and the thymus gland. 



From the superior mediastinum the other three divisions of the space extend downward. 

 The anterior mediastinum is identical with that part of the anterior mediastinal cavity which 

 is below the level of manubrium sterni. The middle mediastinum lies between the layers of 

 the mediastinal pleurae in front of the root of the lungs; it contains the heart, enclosed in the 

 pericardium, and the phrenic nerves. The posterior mediastinum corresponds to that portion 

 of the posterior mediastinal cavity which extends below the plane of the fifth intervertebral 

 fibro-cartilage. 



References for Respiratory System. A. External nose and nasal cavity. 



Kallius, in von Bardeleben's Handbuch; Zuckerkandl, Normale u. path. Anatomie 

 d. Nasenhohle, Bd. 1, Wien, 1893; (Development) His, Archiv f. Anat. u. Phys., 

 1892; Killian, Arch. f. Laryngol., Bd. 4, 1896; Schaeffer, Jour. MorphoL, vol. 

 21, 1910; {Conchce) Peter, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 60, 1902; {Paranasal sinuses) 

 Bartels, Zeitschr. f. Morph. u. Anthrop., Bd. 8; Turner, Accessory Sinuses of 

 the Nose, Edinburgh, 1901; (Anthropology) Hoyer, Morph. Arbeiten, vol. 4, 

 1894. B. Larynx. Gerlach, Anat. Hefte, H. 56; (Development) Lisser, Amer. 

 Jour. Anat., vol. 12; (Ossification) Scheier, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 59. 

 C. Lungs. (Structure; vascular supply) Miller, Arch. f. Anat. u. Entw., 1900; 

 Amer. Jour, Anat., vol. 7; Schultze, Sitzb, AkadWiss., Berlin, 1906; (Develop- 

 ment) Flint, Amer. Jour, Anat., vol.6 (Topographical) Mehnert, Topogr. Alters- 

 veranderungen d. Atmungsapparatus, Jena, 1901. D. Pleura. Ruge Morph. 

 Jahrb. Be, 41. 



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