1280 UROGENITAL SYSTEM 



lying one on either side of the sinus, and medial to these a pair of folds develop at the borders 

 of the sinus, enclosing the genital tubercle above and forming the genital folds. 



This condition practically represents the arrangement which persists to adult life in the 

 female. The genital tubercle becomes the clitoris, the genital swellings the labia majora, the 

 genital folds the labia minora, and the urogenital sinus, into which the urethra and Mtillerian 

 ducts (vagina) open, is the vestibule. In the male the development proceeds farther. The 

 genital tubercle elongates to form the penis, and the free edges of the genital folds meet together 

 and fuse, closing in the urogenital sinus and transforming it into the cavernous portion of the 

 urethra, thus bringing it about that the male urethra subserves both reproductive and urinary 

 functions. The genital swellings also meet and fuse together below the root of the penis, form- 

 ing the scrotum. 



The homologies of the parts in the two sexes may be seen from the following table : — 



Male Female 



Urogenital sinus Cavernous portion of urethra Vestibule 



Genital tubercle Penis Clitoris 



Genital folds Integument and prepuce of penis Prepuce of clitoris and labia minora 



Genital swellings Scrotum Labia majora 



Inhibition of the development of the parts in the male or their over-development in the 

 female will produce a condition resembling superficially the normal condition of the opposite 

 sex, and constituting what is termed pseudo-hermaprodilism; or a failure of the genital ridges 

 to fuse may result in what is known as hypospadias, the cavernous portion of the urethra being 

 merely a groove in the under surface of the otherwise normal penis. 



References for the Urogenital System. A. Urinary tract. (General, ind. 

 literature to 1900) Disse, in von Bardeleben's Handbuch; {Renal hlood-vessels) 

 Brodel, Proc. Ass'n Amer. Anatomists, 1901; {Renal tubules) Huber, Amer. 

 Jour. Anat., vol. 4; Peter, Die Nierenkanalchen, etc., Jena, 1909; (Topog- 

 raphy of female ureter) Tandler u. Halban, Monatschr. Geburtsh. u. Gynak., 

 Bd. 15. B. Male reproductive tract. (General, incl. literature to 1903) Eberth, 

 in von Bardeleben's Handbuch; (Histology and development) von Lichtenberg, 

 Anat. Hefte, Bd. 31; Hill, Amer. Jour. Anat., vol. 9; (Prostate) Bruhns 

 (lymphatics) Arch. f. Anat. u. Entw., 1904; Ferguson (Stroma) Anat. Rec, vol. 

 5; Thompson (topography) Jour. Anat. and Physiol., vol. 47; (External 

 genitals) Forster, Zeitschr. f. Morph. u. Anthrop., Bd. 6. C. Female repro- 

 ductive tract. (General, incl. literature to 1896) Nagel, in von Bardeleben's 

 Handbuch; Waldeyer, Das Beckon, Bonn, 1899; (Lymphatics) Bruhns, Arch, 

 f. Anat. u. Entw., 1898; Polano (ovary) Monatschr. Geburtsh. u. Gynak., 

 Bd. 17; (Nerves) Roith, Arch. f. Gynak., Bd. 81; (Histology, ovary) von 

 Winiwarter, Anat. Anz., Bd. 33; (Development, uterus) Hegar, Beitr. z. Geburtsh. 

 u. Gyniik., Bd. 13; Stratz, Zeitschr. Geburtsh. u. Gynak., Bd. 72; (Lig. 

 eres) Sellheim, Beitr. z. Geburtsh. u. Gynak., Bd. 4, 1901. 



