1404 



CLINICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY 



Owing to the obliquity of the thoracic spines, most of them do not tally with the heads of 

 the corresponding; ribs. Thus, the spine of the second corresponds with the head of the third 

 rib; the spine of the third with the head of the fourth rib; and so on till we come to the eleventh 

 and twelfth vertebrae, which do tally with their corresponding ribs. (Holden.) 



The lower ribs may be felt lateral to the sacro-spinalis but in counting them 

 from below it must be remembered, as pointed out by Holl, that in quite a 



Fig. 1124. — Diagram and Table showing the Approximate Relation to the Spinal 



Nerves of the various Motor, Sensory, and Reflex Functions of the Spinal Cord. 



(Arranged by Dr. Gowers from anatomical and pathological data.) 



\^ I MOTOR SENSORY ! REFLEX 



Sterno-mastoid 

 Trapezius 



\ Diaphragm 



\ Serratus 

 J Shoulder 

 Arm 



Hand 

 (ulnar lowest) 



Intercostal 

 muscles 



Abdominal 

 ■ Muscles 



Flexors, hip 



Extensors, knee 

 Adductors 



Abductors 



hp 



Extensors (?) 

 Flexors, knee (?) 



Muscles of leg mov- 

 ing foot 



Perineal and anal 

 muscles 



Neck and scalp 

 Neck and shoulder 



[ Shoulder 



Arm 



Hand 



Front of thorax 



Xiphoid area 



[ Abdomen 



(UmbiUcus 10th) 



Buttock, upper 

 part 



Groin and scrotum 

 (front) 



f Lateral side 



Thigh 



front 



Medial side 

 Leg, medial side 

 Buttock, lower 



Back of thigh 

 Leg 1 



and ) except medial 

 { foot J part 



Perineum and anus 



Skin from coccyx to 

 anus 



Scapular 



Epigastric 



Abdominal 



Cremasteric 

 J I Knee-joint 



Gluteal 



Foot-clonus 



Plantar 



considerable percentage the last rib is so aljuormally short that it does not reach 

 as far as the lateral border of the sacro-spinalis; or is so rudimentary as to re- 

 semble a transverse process (consequently the only safe method of counting ribs 

 is from above). In these cases the lower end of the pleura may pass from the 

 lower part of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, almost horizontally to the lower edge 

 of the cleventii rib. 



