1176 GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE STATE OF PERAK, 



In these drifts there are deposits of tin which occur in a 

 manner very similar to the alluvial gold in Australia, that is to 

 say, in " leads" which are the ancient river beds of the country. 



Tin also occurs in caves in the limestone and at the junction of 

 the paleozoic clays with the granite. In the former case the ore 

 has been drifted into its present position. In the latter it does not 

 occur abundantly. 



5. Above these alluvial deposits there is the usual surface soil, 

 supporting for the most part a dense vegetation. 



Physical Geography. 



The mountain system of the State of Perak, consists of detached 

 groups of mountains which cover the west side of this part of the 

 Peninsula, with an almost continuous range close to the sea of the 

 Straits of Malacca. 



The groups of mountains form parallel chains 20 or 30 miles 

 long and with a direction a little oblique to the true meridional line. 

 Sometimes they are wholly detached groups so as to allow rivers 

 from the eastward to pass between them. Such for instance is 

 seen in the ranges between the rivers Kinta and Perak. This 

 group of mountains declines to the north, so as to allow the Plus 

 River to join the Perak, and to the south the Kinta joins the Perak. 



The Islands off the Coast, such as the Bindings, Pula Penang, 

 and those oS State Keddah (Pulo Leddas, P. Lankawi, Buton, &c.), 

 are probably portions of similar groups. The}" usually run in 

 sharp parallel ridges variously modided by oblique spurs which some- 

 times connect the main chains. These junctions form watersheds 

 which throw off small streams to the north-east and south-west. 



The following are the principal groups of mountains known to 

 me, proceeding from south to north. 



Bindings.' 



Off the Coast in front of the Bindings River (Lat. about 4'^ 12' 

 N.), there is a series of islands of moderate elevation, though one 

 peak in Pulo Pankore may be 800 feet high. All these islands are 

 granitic, with tin and a little fine scaly gold (so it is said.) These 



