1192 GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE STATE OF PERAK, 



of any sections. The only roads are those made by the Govern- 

 ment during the last six years. On none of these are there any 

 extensive cuttings. On the rivers it is extremely rare to see a 

 section of i-ock exposed ; in fact, I only know of two instances, 

 amongst all the rivers I have visited. The rest of the country is 

 jungle where oui-crops of rock are covered with dense vegetation. 



Near Pappan, in the Kinta Distiict, on the road between Batu 

 Gadja and Pappan, there is a small cutting through a recent 

 volcanic rock. It is basaltic, and the appearance is very like the 

 doleritic lavas of Australia. A small section showed crystals of 

 Augite in a glassy paste with abundance of microliths and 

 magnetite. In the drifts about this neighbourhood I found many 

 rounded waterworn pebbles of basalt, the vesicles of which are 

 either filled with zeolites or lined with chalcedony. I believe this 

 is the first discovery of recent volcanic rock in this portion of. the 

 Malay Peninsula, and of course there must be more than this 

 example. It is most interesting as showing the former connection 

 of this land with the great volcanic belt which runs through 

 Sumatra, Java, and the islands to the eastward. Whatever 

 connection there was has now completely died out nor does it 

 appear probable that its manifestation has in any imi)ortant 

 degree modified the physical geography of the Peninsula. 



The Tin Mines. 



I shall now proceed to give an account of the various tin mines 

 I have visited throughout the State. 



Thaiping. 



The mines of Thaiping are stream tin deposits underlying drifts 

 derived from the Larut River and some small tributaries. They 

 are situated at the ends of some small spurs running westward 

 from the Thaiping granite range. They also run up the valleys 

 between these spurs as far as the base of the range. The geology 

 of these spurs is granite, covered with a red earth which is seen 

 from other sections to be derived from the paleozoic clays already 

 referred to. In a few instances these clays remain as outliers 



