by the rev. j. e. tenison-woods, f.g.s., p.l.s., &c. 1197 



Pappan. 



This is a stream tin deposit in the valley of the Kinta. The lime- 

 stone formation crops out at a short distance, and in fact flanks the 

 whole of the i-ange, but does not here rise into such a high series of 

 hills as on the eastern side of the valley. The Pappan mines are 

 in river drift composed of sand with granite gravel. This is much 

 mixed with occasional waterworn fragments of basalt three inches 

 or so in diameter. The vesicles of this rock are filled with infil- 

 trations of lime and chalcedony. The drift varies very much in 

 thickness. In some parts of the flats near the Shanghai Company's 

 works it is scarcely 20 feet, while further up the valley it increases 

 enormously. In some old Malay workings on the hill at the back 

 of the village the deposit of drift is between 60 and 70 feet. This 

 is scarcely a quarter of a mile up the valley. The drift here is 

 very fine grained and has hardened into an almost compact sand- 

 stone. Much of it is stained a deep red especially where the water 

 fi'om the surface has free access to it. 



The old workings are abandoned and now form a large square 

 waterhole nearly 30 feet deep, surrounded by picturesque cliffs of 

 compact yellow, white, and red drift. The water in the mine is, 

 like nearly all the deep mining waters in this country, of a clear 

 light blue of a beautiful tint, quite different from that of sea-water. 



There miist be two or three strata of tin sand in this locality. 

 On the path by the side of the workings a small but very rich seam 

 crops out. [ washed a small sample and found an unusual amount 

 of tin in coarse grains. This was being worked by a native chief, 

 but only on the surface, with the help of a few Malays. 



The accumulation of so much drift above the tin in which no 

 metal is found would seem to point out that the granite in its 

 lower portions is barren of ore. In shallow drifts the river gravels 

 have most probably been turned over by the water again again, 

 and so in this manner the tin sand sifted out and gradually settled 

 at the bottom. Or in very thin layers of sand permeated by water, 

 tin may easily sink through to the clay. Such large accumulations 

 of sand as we have in the case of Pappan, if they have slowly been 



