1198 GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OP THE STATE OF PERAK, 



gathered by the weathering of granite, have probably not been sifted 

 by water, and ought to contain all that the granite contained. The 

 absence of tin ore in this drift is therefore significant. There may 

 however, have been a large i-iver here, and this may have been a 

 sandbank. The present aspect of the valley is against such a 

 supposition, but as denudation is evident to the extent of a 

 thousand feet and more in the limestones on the other side of the 

 Kinta valley, equal erosion may be supposed to have taken place 

 here. I am, however, inclined to think that the rich tin deposits 

 were found on the upper part of the granite at its junction with 

 the limestone or the paleozoic clays already referred to. 



Altogether, T consider the Pappan district as very rich in stream 

 tin and offering most favourable prospects when jjroperly mined. 



PoussiN. 



About two miles from Pappan on the road between that village 

 and Batu Gadja there is a small mining community of Malays. 

 They work upon a low ridge on which white limestone crops out. It is 

 crystalline, but retains its marks of stratification which dips about 

 17'' east. The rock is very much eroded, and cut into pinnacles, 

 and sharp angles of fantastic appearance. Much of the stone is 

 covered with clay and light soil. This the Malays remove by 

 cutting narrow trenches, never more than ten feet deep. In the 

 crevices and amid the pinnacles of the limestone thus uncovered, 

 they find tin sand. It must be abundant and of great richness, 

 for though the methods of mining are so rude, and confined to mere 

 narrow pockets, and though the ore is smelted in a small charcoal 

 furnace with a piston bellows, yet they manage to make a good 

 deal of money out of these mines. 



Amid the gravel above the limestone were many rounded and 

 angular fragments of the basalt already referred to. It appeared 

 to me as if the clay and gravel were derived from granite and 

 that there were marks of river action. 



Between these mines and Pappan there is the small outcrop of 

 basaltic rock already referred to. The cutting has only revealed 



