WINTER TURNIP GNAT. 



147 



shade of brown, or reddish brown, or in the case of the A. radicum, 

 sometimes of an ochreous tint. 



It is generally considered that the A. hrassiccB and the A. radicum 

 are the commonest kinds, but in 1883, when Cabbage-root attack was 

 unusually prevalent, the kind known as A. floralis (sometimes as the 

 Radish Fly) proved to be most present.* 



Returning now to the points which cause confusion between this 

 fly-maggot attack and Fiuger-and-Toes. The maggots eat passages in 

 Cabbage and Turnip-roots, and possibly there may be no external 

 swelling ; but also there may be. The Cabbage-stalks may be swelled, 

 and they usually become putrid, and Turnips also are subject to the 

 same changes. In the larger proportion of enquiries sent to me in the 

 past season regarding the fungoid disease described, as the case might 

 be, as " Anbury," " Finger-and-Toe," or " Club," the senders connected 



Teichoceka hiejialis. 

 Winter Turnip Gnat, maggot and pupa, nat, size, and magnified. 



it with the presence of grubs or maggots, sometimes specified as " fly- 

 maggots " ; but still these maggots, though coincident with the 

 disease, as I could see for myself, in no way caused it. The 

 characteristics of the fungoid growth, as will be shown further on, are 

 distinct and well marked, and (though insects are often present) these 

 growths are often to be found unaccompanied by any insect galleries, or 

 insect workings. 



Another insect attack sometimes, like those above mentioned, 

 incorrectly connected with Finger-and-Toe presence, is that of the 

 Winter Turnip Gnat, the TricJwcera hiemaUs. 



* Those who wish to go into the subject in detail will find observations on the 

 Cabbage and root flies in Curtis's ' Farm Insects,' and on these and the Eadish Fly- 

 in the ' Praktische Insekten-kunde ' of Dr. Taschenberg, and in the ' Tierische 

 Schadlinge und Niitzlinge ' of Dr. Eitzema Bos. Eeferences to this infestation are 

 given in various of my own Annual Eeports, and especially at pp. 10 — 17 of that for 

 1883, when I had the advantage of specimens being identified for me by Mr, E. H. 

 Meade ; and consequently became aware of the extent of the injuries of the "Eadish 

 Fly." 



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