SMALL CHOCOLATE-TIP MOTH. 148 



the grey becoming yellower, and the black markings, intermixed with 

 the paler tints, fainter. In a day or two, the side stripe beneath the 

 black stripe became orange colour, and (above) the segments in front 

 of the most forward black spot on the back became orange yellowish, 

 those behind it with orange yellow bands across, so as to give a general 

 yellowish appearance to the back. On the 15th, the only larva 

 remaining unspun-up had fm'ther changed to the stripe above being 

 reddish brown, with orange or yellow marks, the side stripes orange 

 and reddish brown, and the colour beneath of the same shade of brown 

 as the ground of the long back stripe. 



At this date all the larvae I had were either on the point of 

 spinning, or had spun leaves together for pupation. The open space 

 between the leaves being filled with web, or rather a kind of gummy 

 film, with some thicker threads dispersed irregularly on the surface. 



On examining the spun-up leaves at date of writing (January 12th, 

 1894), I found the pupa of a rather dark red brown colour, with much 

 darker wing-cases and head end, lying within the web. The first 

 brood is stated (see Newman's ' British Moths ') to be full-fed about 

 the 5th of July ; the second at the end of September ; "then spinning 

 a web amongst tbe leaves of its food-plant, and turning to a chrysalis 

 in the retreat thus fabricated, it remains in that state throughout the 

 winter." 



The moth appears in May and August, and is popularly known as 

 the " Small Chocolate-tip " ; scientifically the name is Clostera ingra 

 (Hufn.), or ( '. rechisa (Fb.). The latter name is given in South's list, 

 p. 5, only as a synonym. The shape and markings of the moth are 

 given at figure, p. 141. The colour of the fore wings is purple grey, 

 browner grey, and darker towards the hind margin, with various 

 markings and transverse pale lines ; the hind wings dark brown-grey. 



The eggs were given by Dr. Ernst Hofmann as flat, hemispherical, 

 and of a red flesh colour. The food of the caterpillars is given by 

 various writers, respectively, as the Dwarf Sallows, SulLv capraa, and 

 S. cinerea ; as Willows and Aspen ; and also by Dr. Kaltenbach, as 

 found by himself in late summer, as on low growths of the Abele, or 

 White Poplar, and the Grey Poplar, i. e., Populus alba and P. canescens; 

 and I have myself found that, when other food was not accessible, 

 specimens in confinement would feed on leaves of Weeping Willow. 



The species is considered to be widely distributed, both in England 

 and Ireland, and it is also a Continental kind. 



Prevention and Remedies. — For prevention of recurrence of attack, 

 it cannot fail to be of use, when the first brood of caterpillars are 

 spinning up their leaf shelters in which to turn to chrysalids about the 

 beginning of July, to have these little bunches of leaves picked off and 



