XX. Vl WARBLE FLY. 



do, when they are stirks six or eight months old. The infliction 

 takes greater effect upon a young growing animal than upon one that 

 is older and fuller in condition." — W. H. Liddell, Leather Market, 

 Bermondsey, London. 



" I notice that nearly all kips (that is, hides off yearling cattle) 

 that have died a natural death are covered with warbles. Are deaths 

 of these almost calves to be attributed to the fact that the irritation 

 they cause exhausts nature ?" — H. C. Haines, Newport, Mon. 



On Feb. 24th (see my Warble Eeport for 1884), Mr. H. Thompson, 

 M.R.C.V.S., Aspatria, Cumberland, reported that on that day some of 

 the pupils at the College of Agriculture had found several enlarge- 

 ments on the backs of youmj cattle at the farm ; and in the course of 

 our work, carried on by the boys of the Aldersey Grammar School 

 (referred to in detail further on), one little lad, only ten years old, not 

 to be behind his fellows in the extent of his powers, as he could not 

 reach up to the full-grown cattle, brought in his contribution of 

 maggots, which he had squeezed out of the calves. 



Tlie almost ivurld-ivide distribution of this cattle-pest is important 

 relatively to possibility, or rather certainty, of its importation from 

 some countries, and also of its general transmission colonially. I have 

 myself been consulted in the case oi transmission to a Cheshire farm 

 Irom the U.S.A. 



Tne follovviug note gives the wide distribution of the species on the 

 firot-rate authority of Dr. Friedrich Brauer.''' Tiiis species is distri- 

 buted from Scandinavia to the most southern parts of Europe, and is 

 also to be found occurring in Asia, Africa, and North America." . . . 

 " A beautiiul variety was shown me by Prof, Low, from Asia Minor. 

 This differed from the ordinary species in all of what are usually 

 yellow hairs, being in the variety of a pure white. f 



The following notes of amount of injury to imported hides, for 

 whicn i was indebted to the courtesy of the Colonial Company in 

 favouring me with a reply to my enquiry, add a very solid practical 

 conhrmation to Dr. Brauer's entomological statement : — 



On the 8th of August, 1884, Mr. B. Brown, Secretary, wrote me as 

 follows: — "i enclose copy of reply I have just received from an 

 experienced hrm of hide and skin brokers to an enquiry we made of 

 them as to the injury done to hides, &c., by the Warble Fly." 



" Reply to the inquiry of the Colonial Company respecting the 

 damage done to hides ana skins by the Warble Fly : — 



"'Parcels of Ox- and Cow-hides and Goat and Sheep skins coming 



* See ' Monographie der OEstriden,' von Fr. Brauer, Wien. 1803, p. 127. 



+ This to some degree resembles the variety of which a few specimens were 

 found by Mr. C. C. Martyn amongst the Warble Flies which he reared from 

 chrysalids captured by himself at Aspatria, Cumberland (see p. 11). 



