HISTORY OF INSECTS. 15 



little pellets of excrement, which are something 

 like fine sawdust or coarse sand. 



42. Another communication with the outer air 

 is for this purpose required, and it must be so 

 constructed as to allow the power of gravity to 

 assist in keeping it clear ; it is accordingly made 

 directly downwards towards that part of the apple 

 which is lowest, and thus the trouble of thrusting 

 the pellets upwards through the eye of the apple 

 is saved, and a constant admission given to a 

 supply of air without any labour. 



43. The hole now made is not, however, suffi- 

 ciently open for an observer to gain by its means 

 any knowledge of what is going on within ; this 

 is only to be obtained by cutting open a number 

 of the apples as they gradually advance towards 

 ripeness ; the hole is, however, very easily seen, 

 from its always having adhering to it on the out-^ 

 side an accumulation of the little grains which 

 have been thrust through. 



44. Having completed this work, the grub 

 returns towards the centre of the apple, where 

 he feeds at his ease. When within a few days 

 of being full fed, he for the first time enters 

 the core through a round hole gnawed in the 

 hard, horny substance which always separates the 

 pips from the pulp of the fruit, and the destroyer 

 now finds himself in that spacious chamber which 

 codlings in particular always have in their centre. 



45. From this time he eats only the pips, 



