230 Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh on the 
easily seen amongst dried sand and seaweeds. The parasitic 
cirripede on whales (Coronula) retains its white colour, and 
Lepeophtheirus on the salmon and Caligus on the cod each 
have their brownish-olive hue and are readily seen on the 
skin. 
Some pelagic crustaceans (Copepoda) are of a deep blue or 
brilliant scarlet, and the young pelagic stages of many of the 
higher Crustacea are marked with vivid tints. The pelagic 
barnacles are not inconspicuous. Even the translucent 
Phronima (Amphipod) has three sets of conspicuous eyes. 
Prof. Moseley describes the deep-sea shrimps and schizopods 
as of an intense bright scarlet colour. A deep-water Serolis, 
again, described by Mr. Beddard is blue. 
There is no evidence that the tints in any of those con- 
spicuously coloured act as a warning, since they are found in 
the stomachs of fishes equally with those of sober tint. The 
diurnal changes of hue in such as //ippolyte are, moreover, 
not always explained by their environment *. 
The Brachiopods are generally pale, yet Zingula, an 
ancient type which frequents sand, has its valves tinted of a 
fine greenish hue. 
Some of the Polyzoa are brightly coloured, e.g. Bugula, 
which is purple, whereas others, such as Gemellaria, have a 
uniform pale straw-colour. Membrantpora is conspicuous by 
its pale lacework on the blades of the tangles. The majority 
of the Polyzoa, e. g. the Lepralia, have no vivid coloration, 
though some are pinkish, and so with Flustra. ‘Their colour 
does not appear to have any relation to Natural Selection and 
is neither protective nor warning—not more so than the 
purple of the alga Corallina officinalis. 
While the adult Phoronis, which is tubicolar, is either pale 
or with dark brownish tentacles and pale body, the pelagic 
young (Actinotrocha) is brightly tinted. This might be 
explained by supposing that these tints are ancestral and that 
former conditions may have necessitated them. Such, how- 
ever, is conjecture, as also is the view that disadvantageous 
colours in the young have little time to do harm. 
The colours of the next group—that of the shellfishes— 
have long been a source of interest; and as they affect both 
the hard and the soft parts, their study might be supposed to 
throw some light on the questions before us. 
Comparatively few examples of protective coloration occur 
amongst the bivalves, the calcareous valves of which, perhaps, 
* Vide on this subject the valuable paper by Messrs, Gamble and 
Keeble, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc. vol. xliii. pp, 589-698, pls. xxxii.—xxxvi. 
(1900). 
