68 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old-World 



names proposed independently by earlier authors) was that 

 of Osten-Sackeu, who proposed the name Arrhenica for a 

 species with long autenuse in the male sex, and also main- 

 tained as disthict Schiner's genus Penthoptera. For the 

 latter proceeding I can see no justification whatever ; the 

 minute characters which Osten-Sackeu depended upon seem 

 to me to he entirely trivial. 



A further attempt at division was that of Enderlein (1912), 

 who recognized four groups — Arrhenica and Androclosma with 

 long antennae in the male, Physecrama and Eriocera with 

 short male antennae ; Arrhenica and Physecrania with fi^ve 

 posterior cells, the other two with only four. Brunetti and 

 Alexander have both maintained that these divisions were 

 unnatural and untenable, and after a careful study of the 

 material in the British Museum, I am bound to accept their 

 view. In particular, the length of the male antennae proves 

 to be totally unreliable as an indication of relationship. 

 Tliis is admirably shown by the three species, E. verficalis, 

 E.fusca, and E. yerburyi. In the first the male antennae 

 are almost three times as long as the body, while in the 

 second they are like those of the female^ not longer than 

 the thorax. The two species, however, resenil)le one another 

 rather closely in their general black coloration, the venation 

 is very similar, and, most important of all, the male hypopygia 

 are barely distinguishable. If further coufirmatioti were 

 needed oi the close relationship of these two species, it is 

 provided by E. yerburyi, which differs from E, verticalis 

 chiefly in the male antennae being only about as long as the 

 body. On the other hand, Enderlein associated with E. 

 verticalis in the genus Androclosma his A. urnatum^ which 

 likewise has greatly elongated antennae in the male sex. 

 This species, however, is so very distinctive in its wing- 

 markings, its venation, and its hypopygial structure that it 

 obviously has only remote connection with E. verticalis and 

 E. fusca. The third species of Enderlein's, Androclosma 

 (£. lunata, Westw.), also occupies a rather isolated position, 

 and does not show any very marked relationship either to 

 E. ornata or E. verticalis, apart from the form of the male 

 antennae. 



Whatever maybe the biological significance of the elonga- 

 tion of the male antennae, it is interesting to note that the 

 same phenomenon occurs in an equal degree in the Tipuline 

 genus Macromastix, and that in both these genera the 

 elongation is accompanied by a great enlargement of the basal 

 joint and of the frontal tubercle — perhaps for the accom- 

 modation of larger muscles necessary (or moving the heavier 



