56 



MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



The conclusion seems to be with our proscut knowledge thiit the Lcpidoptera, Tricboptera,. 

 and Diptei-ii may possibly have had a cominou ancestry, and tliat it may be found that the 

 Lepidoptera was the first to be differentiated, and the Diptera the last, since they are more highly 

 moditied. The line of descent of the metabolous orders might tentatively be thus expressed: 



M/menoptera 



Neuroptera 



Platyjitera-like-forms 



(Exposed feeders.) Sphingen, 



(Coucealed focdors.) I'l/mles, 

 ( Epii/rapliiUhr, A liicUi<la\ ) 



VIII.— ATTEMPT AT A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 



The first step toward a scientific classificatipu of the Lepidoptera was taken by Dr. Chapman 

 in his suggestive paper on neglected points in the pupa' of Heterocerous Lepidoptera. His 

 division of the groups based on pupal characters is the following: 



LEPIDOPTEKA-UETEUOCKRA. 



A. Obtect.e. Pupa smooth .and rounded, externally solid, inner dissepiments flimsy. Free segments in both 



sexes fifth and sixth (abdominal). Never emerges from cocoon, or progresses in any way. 

 Dehiscence by irregular fracture. 



1. Macros. Larva with honks of ventral prolegs on inner side only 



Jlombi/ces, Xolhhr, XijcteoMw, XocluUui, Geometru-. 



2. rijralouU. Larva with complete circle of hooks to ventral prolegs. 



I'hycidiv, JCiKhirithr, Crambitin; (leIechi(Jtr, riiiteUidir, (Ecoiihori(l(f. 

 3- • • J >oubtful whether Pyraloids or of separate (classifioatory ) value. HijpoHijme.uUdiv. AryijieathkhF, 



(oUophorhU: (Perittia?), (Elachi8tida>?). 



B. Ixco.MPi.Kr.E. Pupa less solid and rounded, appendages often partially free. Free segments may extend 



upward to third (abdominal). Seventh always free in male, fixed in female. Dehiscence 

 accompanied by freeing of segments and appendages previously fixed. (Except in 1) pupa 

 juogresses and emerges from cocoon. 

 1. Pupa attached l)y crcmastor. Free segments. 4 .5 (1 7. 4 .5 (!. rterophurimi. 

 1'. Pupa free to move and emerge from cocoon. 

 «. Larva concealed feeder, often a miner, and usually rather active when not cramped by the mine. 

 L Free segments. .5 6. 5 6 7. IJthocoUctidu; Umcilanida: 



2. Free segments. 4 5 6. 4 5 6 7. 



'(. TlXB.E ( Tineidw, I'mjcliidu', Sesiidw). 



b. Toirrmc-ES (Tortriciiia, Cossim, Exapale, Simiiethh). (Castuia.) 



3. Free segments. .3 4 ."> ti. 3 4 5 6 7. 



a. ZEfZEHA and IIki'Iai.is tend to lo.s<' third as a free segment (are gaining it as a fixed segment). 



b. TiscnEifiA. 



c. Adelid.e. Ovipositor (of im.ago) formed for piercing plant tissues. 



d. Nepticuud.e. Autennjc separate from head in dehiscence. 



b. Larva exposed feeder. Slug-like in form and movement, head verv retractile. Free segments 

 3 4 5 6 7. 3 4 5 6. 



1. MlCHOPTEUYGiD.E.i Eight pairs abdominal legs, curious .iiipeudages, moss feeders. 



2. COCHI.IOPODID.E. Legs evanescent, but traces of extra pairs and of curious appondjiges. Ma.r. palps 



larye ill pupa, not in imago. 



3. ZvGAENiD.E. Legs of Macro type. Max. palps evanescent in pupa. 



' I have only seen .■! portion of a pupa of those and of Psychids. I have had none of my own. and h.ive not been. 

 able to examine them freely. — T. A. C. 



