206 MEMOmS OF TIIK NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



"The cocoon is a ratlier close, line sillccii one, and ti;ni.s])aicMt \\ lien tlie onter protecting 

 material is removed. This last may be either a leaf, folded or otherwise, excrement, or other 

 matter which the larva entangles in the loose onter web of the cocoon for concealment and 

 protection."' (Kiley MS.) 



P«/w. — Like that of fl. ipoiiific, hut slightly shorter, and the spine of the eremaster a little 

 more acute. Hinder edge of thorax, witii a transverse series of nine square black tubercles; 

 surface slightly punctured, especially on the front edge of abdominal segments .5-7, the last three 

 segments smooth, tip rather blunt. Crernaster small, the two spines short and stout, granulated 

 and corrugated on the surface. Length, 20 mm. (From I^. S. Nat. Mus.) 



This is our commonest Schizura, and occurs on the willow and thorn late in August in Maine. 

 August 28 one had spun a slight cocoon. 



'■Length varying from 12 to 21 mm.; color rich shiny brown. In general characters, and 

 especially in the row of eight blunt, tooth like, dull, black projections from the posterior dorsal 

 nnirgin of the mesothorax, it resembles closely the pupa^ of the two other species of this genus 

 which Lave this stage described, viz, *S'. leptinoide.i and »S'. ipometv. From these s])ecies it may bo 

 distinguished, however, by the character of the two prongs to the eremaster. These are much 

 shorter than tliose of ipomew (which are three times as long as wide), being scarcely longer than 

 the width, and the inner branches or teeth are short, and the small inner basal teeth are absent 

 or nearly so. S. Icptiitoitlen is readily separated by the fact that the branches in this species are 

 themselves branched or bitoothed. 



"About four days are required for pupation Irom the s])inning up of the laiva. At tirst the 

 color markings of the larva are retained with considerable distinctness in the pupa, but these are 



^ ^ _^_^ soon lost and the normal brown color assuuied." (liiley MS.) 



I ^ff''''^ ^^''^iK / Habits. — The caterpillar of this moth, more commonly met 



\/^ " " \/'"^^ with on the apple tree, we have found September (> on the elm at 



/ \ Brunswick, Me. At about this date, Harris says, it makes its 



\ y^ ^\^ /8 cocoon, which is thin and almost transparent, resembling i)arch- 



\y^ ^/ ment in texture, and covered generally with bits of leaves on the 



C y^ V / outside. The caterpillars remain in their cocoons a long time pre- 



\/ ^ \/ vious to changing to chrysalids, and the moth appears the follow- 



\ '(UU) / ^"^^ ^^"■^' '^'"^ June. 



^\ /^ y\Q '^\nii and the otherspecies of the genus aredoubtless protected 



\}\f from the attacks of birds by their close resemblance to a dead, 



Pig. 79.-Pu,>.-. ,.f sohhum umcornu. '^'T po'tion or blotcli ou the edge of the lea,f, as they usually feed 



on the edge. 

 Miss Emma Fayne was the tirst to call attention to its mimicry of loaves partly dead. We 

 (juote her interesting account: 



I think this worm furuishes a woiulei I'lil iiist:iiioi' of iiiiiiiioiv ol' the vefjetiiblc l>y the animal organism. The 

 greeu segments just hiiclc of the head reseml)l<' a small portion of tlie green leaf, and the other parts adnurably 

 eoiinterfeit the lirown ami russet tints of the dead leaf, while tlie form of tlie animal in its various postures aids the 

 deception by its resemblance to a leaf partly alive and partly dead, the green mostly eaten and the brown torn. 

 (Amer. Ent., ii, p. 311.) 



I have noticed that this caterpillar feeds very eonsi)icuously, but is protected by its resemblance 

 to the twisted, partly dead ends of some of the leaves, the oblique markings of the larva resembling 

 the twisted dead and russet poi'tious of the leaf. 



The following observations have been made by Frofessor Riley: 



'•The larva of the above species is found feeding on quite a number of diti'ereut i)lauts, such as 

 oak, elm, plum, apple, dogwood, alder, winterbcrry, rose, and blackberry, also on hickory. 



"The insect is evidently two brooded, those of the first brood si)iniung up at the commence- 

 ment of July, while larvie of a second l)ro<)d, often only about one-fourth grown, are found as late 

 as October 10. 



"The cocoon is very thin and looks much like parchment. It frequently draws a few leaves 

 together for this pur])ose, and changers to a chrysalis in about four days, which is at lirst of the 

 same color as was the caterpillar, the green segments being distinctly visible, but soon changes to 



