MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 275 



the second. On tlie sixth abdominal segment is a transversely- oblong spot. (These siwts were 

 all connected in Edwards's and Elliot's specimens.) Along the back of segments 7 to 10 is an 

 elongated dumb-bellshaped spot, the contraction in the middle of the spot occurring on tlie back 

 of the eighth segment; the spot terminates on the end of the snranal plate, which is squarely 

 docked at the end. 



The stemai)ods, or anal filamental legs, are reddish at the base above and beneath, with two 

 pale rings beyond the middle, the flagellum being reddish lilac. There is a lilac-red spot at the 

 base of the thoracic and abdominal legs, one near the origin of each leg, and one on the sides of 

 abdonnual segments 7-0; besides these, reddish, lilac dots are elsewhere scattered over the sides 

 of the body. The paraual lobes and the excrementiferous bristles are well developed. 



The larva of this species differs from that of C. horealis and occidental i.s in the less connected 

 and narrower dorsal lilacred patches, and in the end of the suranal i)late being squarer, that of 

 C. occulentalis being somewhat rounded behind. It is more nearly allied to C. occidentalis than to 

 C. horealis. 



Cocoon. — "Formed on a piece of wood, first of gummy silk, which is strengthened by many 

 little pieces of wood bitten oft' from inside. When finished it is elliptical, ([uite hard, and of the 

 color of the wood or bark on which it is made. Length, about .30 mm.; width, 13 mm." (Dyar.) 



Pupa. — "Cylindrical, tapering slightly at both extremities, somewhat flattened. Color, pale 

 brown, venter yellowish, and a dark dorsal line. Wing and leg-cases greenish. Abdomen very 

 minutely punctured. Wing-cases creased. Length, IS nun.; width, G mm." (Dyar.) The fore- 

 going description refers to the Californiau form cinereoides. Dyar states that the cocoon of the 

 Eastern cinerea is " constructed on bark of gummy silk and bits of bark and wood, like that of 

 the other species of Cerura." {V. 81.) 



Habits. — Its general appearance and habits are, so far as known, the same as in C. occi- 

 dentalis and bovenlis. Dyar states that " the eggs are laid singly; the larva hatches by eating 

 a hole in the side, but does not devour the rest of the shell." Dyar, speaking of the Californiau 

 form, states that " the duration of the first larval stages was from three to six days, tlie last 

 two seven days. The pupa state lasts through the winter." 



The larva represented on PI. XXXVI, figs. 4, 4a, occurred on tlie poplar at Urunswick, Me.,. 

 August 30. 



liiley (MS.) states that the eggs are laid in June, the moths appearing in April, May, June, 

 July, and August, while the larva is found in June and in September. 



Food plant. — Different species of willow and poplar. 



Oeographicai distribution. — This species apparently has the widest geographical range, with 

 consequent greater variability, of any of our species, probably extending farther south, into 

 Mexico and Guatemala, than C. scohpendrina, and thus ranging through the entire North 

 American region, including the cold temperate siibregion and warm temperate subregion, and the 

 humid and arid jirovinces of the latter, as will be seen by the following localities: Boston, Mass. 

 (Harris); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); New York (Edwards, Elliot, Dyar); New Jersey (Palm); 

 Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Canada, New York, Maryland, Ohio (vars. cinereoides, parado.va, 

 meridionaHs), California (French); Utah, dark form (Westcott); Florida (j\Irs. Slosson); Franconia, 

 N. H., "a little darker than the Florida ones" (Mrs. Slosson); Colorado (Bruce); Fort Collins, 

 Colo., June 21 (Baker); Denver, July 14 (Gillette); Manhattan, Kans., June 10-17, of normal, 

 not very pale, color (Popenoe); New York, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Washington, D. C. (United 

 States National Museum), Jalapa, Mexico, San Geronimo, Guatemala. Mr. Druce remarks: 

 " The specimens I somewhat doubtfully refer to this species are very much stained. So far as I 

 am able to see, they appear to be almost identical in the markings of the primaries with Walker's 

 type." (P. 241.) 



Dyar's var. cinereoides was collected at Los Angeles, Cal., and also at Miles City, Mont. 



The pale form, parado.va Belir, is from among the mountains of Nevada County, Cal. C. 

 nivea, whiter than any other form and without the marginal black spots, was collected at El 

 Paso, Tex., on the Bio Grande Biver, and Mr. Palm's example (collected June, 1890) is from the 

 Virgin Biver, southern Utah, in a hot, dry region, and its white color is evidently the result of 

 the action of bright sunlight, heat, and dryness. 



