6 Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society. 
described by-Gratiolet in man and the higher apes, although 
named, with one exception, from the bones with which they 
were specially related, were based upon fissures in the brain 
itself. This, as Broca! very justly observes, constituted a 
very important advance in the study of the convolutions. 
The five cerebral lobes described by Gratiolet are still, with 
some modifications, generally accepted by anatomists. 
Gratiolet, from his comparative study of the Primate brain, 
was led to divide the gyri, from the order of their appearance, 
into primary and secondary. By this means he was able to 
analyse the richly convoluted brains of the higher races of 
mankind, and to explain the steps of their evolution from 
simpler forms. Gratiolet’s work was published about forty 
years ago, and since then most of the leading anatomists in 
this and other countries have contributed to the task of 
placing our knowledge of the comparative anatomy of the 
cerebral convolutions upon a sound morphological basis. 
Amongst these, special mention may be made of Gervais 
and Broca in France, of Rudolph Wagner, Bischoff, Echer, 
Pansch, Benedict, Zuckerkandl, Waldeyer, Schwalbe, and 
Eberstaller in Germany and Austria; of Guldberg in 
Norway; of Giacomini in Italy; of Burt Wilder in America; 
and of Owen, Huxley, Flower, Turner, Marshall, Rolleston, 
and Cunningham in this country. In connection with this 
subject, I may perhaps be allowed to refer specially to the 
work that has been done by one of our former presidents— 
Sir William Turner. As early as 1865 he read a paper 
before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, entitled, “Notes 
more especially on the Bridging Convolutions in the Brain 
of the Chimpanzee,” and in the following year he delivered a 
lecture before the Royal Medical Society on “The Convolu- 
tions of the Human Cerebrum topographically considered,” 
which was published in the Edinburgh Medical Journal for 
June 1866. In this lecture Sir William Turner not only 
gave a very valuable summary of the state of our knowledge 
at that time, but he also added much original matter, and 
introduced several new terms which have since been 
1 Note sur la topographique cérébrale et sur quelques points de l'histoire 
des circonvolutions—Bulletin de l’Acad de Médecine, 1876. 
