Vice-President’s Address. 5 
of the fissures as well as the convolutions. Leuret! gave 
beautiful drawings of the brains of numerous mammals, such 
as the beaver, rabbit, mole, paca, agontis, hedgehog, squirrel, 
cat, lion, panther, bear, otter, ferret, sheep, ox, horse, 
kangaroo, roebuck, deer, wild boar, seal, porpoise, elephant, 
and papio. The papio was the only monkey that Leuret 
had studied, but he recognised very clearly the fact that its 
convolutions are arranged fundamentally the same as those 
of man. In the explanation to plate xv. of his Atlas, which 
contains several figures of this animal’s brain, he writes: 
“Tt is a very small human brain, or rather a very great brain 
of the human fcetus. The cerebral convolutions are the same 
in number as in man, but they are not more folded than 
those of a foetus of the sixth or seventh month. One 
recognises three anterior convolutions, three posterior con- 
volutions, two superior convolutions, an internal convolution, 
and a group of suborbital convolutions.” 
In plate xvi. he shows that the same convolutions exist 
in man. It was Leuret who first described the fissure of 
Rolando. Rolando appears to have been the first anatomist 
who figured this fissure correctly, but he did not describe it. 
Leuret failed to distinguish the parieto-occipital fissure or 
the occipital lobe. He died before finishing his work on the 
comparative anatomy of the nervous system, the second 
volume being entirely written by Gratiolet. Gratiolet also 
published a “Memoir sur les plis cérébraux de homme et 
des Primates” in 1854. In this classical memoir Gratiolet 
made a very careful and elaborate comparison of the relative 
development of the convolutions of the human brain in a 
well-developed European, a Bosjeswoman, microcephalic 
idiots, and fcetuses. He also investigated their arrange- 
ment in the chimpanzee, the orang-outang, and the gibbon, as 
well as various monkeys of both the Old and the New World. 
Anatomists previous to Leuret and Gratiolet had divided the 
outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres into lobes, the 
extent and boundaries of which were determined by the 
bones of the skull which covered them. The five lobes 
1 Anatomie comparée du systéme nerveux, considérée dans sans rapports 
avec l’intelligence, 
