194 Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society. 
XIV. Results of Meteorological Observations taken in Edin- 
burgh during the Year 1895. By R. C. Mossman, 
F.R.S.E., F_R.Met.Soc. 
(Read 18th March 1896.) 
During the past year the ordinary bi-daily observations 
have been taken at the usual hours, and with the instru- 
ments described in former reports. Since tst May readings 
of earth temperature have been made daily at 9 a.m. Three 
thermometers are in use, the bulbs being buried in ordinary 
garden mould under grass, at depths of 3, 12, and 22 inches. 
The day-to-day changes at 9 A.M. have been calculated, as 
well as similar values for the air temperature at that hour. 
The mean variability of temperature from the average of the 
maximum and minimum thermometers has also been com- 
puted (see Proceedings, vol. xii., p. 336). The averages with 
which the monthly values have been compared are for periods 
ranging from 25 to 132 years. Means will subsequently 
be available for most of the elements for over 100 years, 
but the reduction of the accumulated mass of climatological 
data has proved much more tedious than was at first 
anticipated, and some time will elapse before the means for 
the long period will be available. 
REMARKS ON THE METEOROLOGY OF 1895. 
January.—The great frost which rendered the year 1895 
such a memorable one, viewed from a meteorological stand- 
point, commenced this month, the mean temperature of 
which was 31°°8. During the month the thermometer never 
rose above 41°:0, this being the lowest maximum recorded 
during any month in the past 55 years. In February 1855 
the same low absolute maximum temperature was registered. 
Sunshine was deficient, with the result that the days 
were relatively colder than the nights, the cloudiness of 
which checked terrestrial radiation. Up to the 17th, only 
10 hours bright sunshine was registered, but thereafter 
comparatively sunny conditions prevailed. There was a 
great excess of Polar winds, Snow fell frequently during 
