BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. 13 



jjosts set in the ground, to have been lathed with cane or twigs and 

 plastered with clay, having the roofs thatched precisely as described by 

 the early French explorers. 



Ninth. That the links discovered directly connecting the Indians and 

 mound builders are so numerous and well established that there should 

 be no longer any hesitancy in accepting the theory that the two are one 

 and the same people. 



Tenth. That the statements of the early navigators and explorers as 

 to the habits, customs, circumstances, &c., of the Indians when first 

 visited by Europeans are largely confirmed by what has been discov- 

 ered in the mounds and other ancient works of our country. This is 

 especially true as regards the discoveries made by the Bureau assist- 

 ants in Arkansas, Georgia, and other Southern States. Tbey bear out 

 even to details the statements of the chroniclers of De Soto's expedition 

 and of the early French explorers of the valley of the Lower Missis- 

 Bip])i. 



Eleventh. The evidence obtained appears to be sufficient to justify 

 the conclusion that particular works and the works of certain localities 

 are to be attributed to iiarticular tribes known to history, thereby ena- 

 bling the archreologist to determine in some cases, to a limited extent, 

 the lines of migration. For example, the proof is a])parently conclusive 

 that the Cherokee were mound builders and that to them are to be 

 attributed most of the mounds of East Tennessee and Western North 

 Carolina; it also renders it probable that they were the authors of the 

 ancient works of the Kanawha Valley in West Virginia. There are 

 also strong indications that the Tallegwi of tradition were Cherokee 

 and the authors of some of the principal works of Ohio. Tlie i)roof is 

 equally conclusive that to the Shawnee are to be attributed the box- 

 shaped stone graves, and the mounds and other works directly con- 

 nected with them, in the region south of the Ohio, especially those of 

 Kentucky, Tennessee, and Northern Georgia, and possibly also some of 

 the mounds and stone graves in the vicinity of Cincinnati. The stone 

 graves in the valley of the Delaware and most of those in Ohio an^ 

 attributable to the Delaware Indians. There are sufficient reasons for 

 believing that the ancient works in Northern Mississippi were built 

 chiefly by the Chickasaw; those in the region of Flint Kiver, Southern 

 Georgia, by the Uchee; and that a large portion of those of the Gulf 

 States were built by the Muskokee tribes. The evidence obtained is 

 rendering it quite probable that the Winnebago were formerly mound- 

 builders and the authors not only of burial tumuli, but also of some of 

 those strange works known as "effigy mounds," so common in W^iseon- 

 sin. That most of the ancient works of New York must be attributed 

 to the Iroquois tribes is now generally conceded. 



Twelfth. The testimony of the mounds is very decidedly against the 

 theory that the mound builders were Mayas or Mexicans, who, driven 

 out of this region by the pressure of Indian hordes, migrated to the 



