160 STUDIES, SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL chap. 



wrist towards the elbow, not downwards from the shoulder 

 to the wrist as in all other mammalia. This arrangement 

 is no doubt connected with the habits of these creatures 

 which clasp their hands over their heads when sleeping, 

 and the arrangement of the hair causes the rain to run 

 off at the elbow without wetting the skin. 



Fig. 29.— orang-utan, old male (Simla satyrus). 



These great apes, like many of the smaller monkeys, 

 are very liable to lung-disease in this country, and soon 

 die when in confinement. This is no doubt due to the 

 want of pure air and exercise, and it is unfortunate that 

 none of the Zoological Societies of Europe have made 

 suitable arrangements for giving them these essentials of 

 health. All that would be necessary would be a rather 

 large and lofty conservatory, containing two or three 



