227 



MBUTJANA-women : niaia; these them, amba. 

 Men : gamena; these them, amba. 

 BELTARA-women : wunjinga; these them, Ih^r a, katjia; the mother 

 and sisters of the husband, kwaianirra ; these 

 the wife and sister of the son, lirranirra. 

 Men : hata ; these them, lirra or katjia ; the husband 

 and brothers of the daughter, ivuiamahra. 

 PuNGATA-women : ivunjinga; these them, lirra, katjia. 

 Men : kata; these them, lirra, katjia. 



6. Tribal Marks or Tokens. 



The classes possess no class-marks, but the tribes living 

 southerly and westerly from here, called loritja, have one in com- 

 mon with ours distinguishing them from those dwelling north and 

 ■east, who are called ulpma. The mark of the latter consists of 

 emu feathers worn on the forehead and upper part of the arm, 

 while that of the former is made of small sticks scraped into little 

 bunches of shavings, which they wear upon the head. 



c. Arts. 

 The arts of this people are not of much account. Still, it is 

 astonishing how they can have produced some of their utensils 

 with their rude tools, such as stone axes and knives. These con- 

 sist of a kind of sharp flint, which is found south of the Krichautf 

 Range, and which these natives barter for other things. To 

 make an axe they take a piece of wood with a fork at one end, 

 into which they fix the stone with resin. The latter they pre- 

 pare by crushing it moderately fine between stones, sprinkling 

 some water upon it, holding it over the tire until it melts, and 

 then kneading it well together. The stone-knife is fixed to the 

 handle of their tmera, and is more like a chisel than a knife. 

 The tmera is a trough-shaped piece of wood hollowed out thinly, 

 and about two feet long, somewhat bent together at both sides, 

 straight and open at both ends. One end has a barb for throw- 

 ing spears ; the other forms a flat handle with the stone-knife 

 fastened to it. They fix the spear to the barb, grip the handle 

 of the tmera and the spear with the same hand, throwing the 

 latter only. The spears (tjata) are made of various kinds of 

 wood suitable for the purpose, such as Tecoma australis, Acacia 

 aneura, &c., and thinner at the hinder than at the anterior ex- 

 tremity, being respectively about the thickness of a thumb and 

 of a little finger. The length varies from six feet to ten feet, 

 according to the intended use. For fishing short ones are used, 

 without barbs, and made out of one piece ; others have an extra 

 piece, six to eight inches long at the point, made of hnvdwood ( Acacia 



