58 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 
‘mented to a layer of gravel a foot and a half in thickness, with suc 
tenacity that the separation was accomplished with the greatest difficulty. 
In the same collection of fossil bones is to be found the skeleton, nearly » 
complete, of a mastodon of very large size ; the ribs, and the upper part 
of the cranium are wanting. The transverse diameter of the head, on 
a line with the foramen magnum, is three feet. The os femoris, in a per- 
pendicular line, stands three feet nine inches high, and all the other bones 
are in this proportion. An estimate of the altitude of the animal when ~ 
living, founded upon careful observations, instituted with the same view 
on the skeleton from Bucyrus, Ohio, recently obtained by the Society, 
would leave the inference that the former animal has reached a height 
of from twelve to thirteen feet at the shoulders. . This animal, in a popu- 
lar advertisement on the subject of the museum by Mr. Koch, is rated at 
eighteen feet in height; an altitude so great as to exceed much the evi- 
dence derivable from a measurement of the longest bones of the extremi- 
ties, and the inductive and comparative estimate thence obtained. 
The internal table of the cranium, the brain case, is entire, with a small 
surface of the contiguous cellular structure of bone in another fragment 
of the mastodon. This forms so complete an oval body, that, in Dr. Hor- 
ner’s opinion, it is somewhat difficult to conceive that its shape was the 
result of merely accidental causes; Dr. Horner, indeed, thinks it rather 
authorizes the inference that it had been chiselled or hammered design- 
edly into that shape by the human cotemporaries of the an 
There is also a small head eighteen or twenty inches oan with tusks 
ten or eleven inches long in the upper jaw, and four mastodon teeth on 
each side of each jaw. This head is somewhat broken. The os frontis 
and the face, so far as Dr. Horner could judge, are so placed in regard to 
their front surface as to form a deep circular concavity, approximating, in 
shape, a fragment in the cabinet of the Society. Whether it ought to be 
viewed merely as a young Mastodon giganteum, or another species of the 
mastodon, Dr. Horner considers to be at present doubtful. 
‘There are two radii of the mastodon with the epiphyses or articular 
ends detached, owing to the youth of the animal: these pass for the arm 
bones of a giant fourteen or fifteen feet high when his skeleton was com 
plete. A similar misapprehension exists in regard to the vertebre of @ 
quadruped, probably a buffalo or young mammoth, which are strung to 
aesinis in a vertical position and pass for the back bone of a giant of sim | 
ar ki f 
# 
Another interesting relic has been denominated by the proprietor Mis 
sourium Kochii, the first name in commemoration of its locality, the secon . 
of himself, its distuverer. It belongs undoubtedly, Dr. Horner states, 10 
the mastodon race ; was not much inferior in size to the elephant, and was 
furnished with tusks and indications of a proboscis having been attached 
to it. The tusks are four and a half feet in length, and at the roots have 
