Sheldon — The Literature of Ethical Science. 131 



proved stronger than the tribal self. When the tribal self wakes up, the 

 man says, ^ In the name of the tribe, I do not like this thing that I, as an 

 individual, have done.' This Self -judgment in the name of the tribe is 

 called Conscience. If the man goes further and draws from this act and 

 others an inference about his own character, he may say, * In the name of 

 the tribe, I do not like my individual self.' This is remorse. * * * The 

 voice of conscience is the voice of our Father Man who is within us; the 

 accumulated instinct of the race is poured into each one of us, and over- 

 flows us, as if the ocean were poured into a cup." — "Lectures and 

 Essays," by William Kingdon Clifford. 



•' Die Strafe ist nicht eine Folge des Gerechtigkeitsgefiihls, sondern das 

 Gerechtigkeitsgefiihl ist eine Folge der Strafe." — '* Die Entstehung des 

 Gewi?sens," by Paul R^e. 



**That progressive modification of civilization which passes by the name 

 of the ' evolution of society,' is, in fact, a process of an essentially differ- 

 ent character, both from that which brings about the evolution of species 

 in the state of nature, and from that which gives rise to the evolution of 

 varieties, in the state of art. * * * Social progress means a checking 

 of the cosmic process at every step and the substitution for it of another, 

 which may be called the ethical process; the end of which is not the sur- 

 vival of those who happen to be the fittest, in respect of the whole of the 

 conditions which obtain, but of those who are ethically the best." — "Evo- 

 lution and Ethics," by Thomas H. Huxley. 



" Evolution is not the foundation of morality, but the manifestation of 

 the principle on which it depends. Morality cannot be explained by means 

 of its own development, without reference to the self-consciousness which 

 makes that development possible. However valuable may be the informa- 

 tion we get from experience as to the gradual evolution of conduct, its 

 nature and end can only be explained by a principle that transcends expe- 

 rience." — *' Ethics of Naturalism," by W. R. Sorley. 



" Mag das Gewissen entstanden sein, wie und wo man will; das ist eine 

 Frage der Wissenschaft, durchaus nicht verschieden von der iiber das Ver- 

 schwinden des Zwischenknochens beim Menschen; was mir zum Handeln 

 not thut, das ist, dass das Gewissen nun in mir vorhanden ist, Gehorsam 

 fordert und ich ihm zu gehorchen habe." — '* Ethisches Wissen und 

 ethisches Handeln," by Paul Hensel. 



" Le noum6ne, au sens moral et non purement n^gatif, c'est nous qui le 

 faisons; il n'acquiert de valeur morale qu'en vertu de type sur lequel nous 

 nous le repr^sentons : c'est une construction de notre esprit, de notre im- 

 agination m^taphysique." * * * '« Au fond, la sanction dite morale et 

 r^ellement sensible est un cas particulier de cette loi naturelle selon 

 laquelle tout d^ploiement de I'activit^ est accorapagn^ de plaisir. Ce 

 plaisir diminue, disparait et laisse place k la souffrance selon les resist- 

 ances int^rieures ou ext^rieures que I'activit^ rencontre." — •*Esquis8e 

 d'une Morale," by M. Guyau. 



