Sheldon — The Literature of Ethical Science. 139 



punish me for violating them. Or, more geDerally, I do not find in my 

 moral consciousness any intuition, claiming to be clear and certain, that 

 the performance of duty will be adequately rewarded and its violation 

 punished." — " The Methods of Ethics," by Henry Sidgwick. 



•' God is the surety for morality — not in the gross and common mean- 

 ing, that he stands ready to assure us the price and recompense, as though 

 we feared we might make a fool's bargain by being virtuous gratuitously, 

 but in the nobler and true sense, that his existence bears witness that we 

 are not consecrating our lives to a chimera, or a dream of the imagina- 

 tion." — " Theory of Morals," by Paul Janet. 



"Assuming that we at last have entered a period of the reverse move- 

 ment, then the steady decline of the faith in the Christian God might lead 

 us to infer with no small degree of probability that the human conscious- 

 ness of guilt is, at this moment, likewise experiencing a considerable 

 decline; indeed, the prospect cannot be rejected that the perfect and final 

 triumph of atheism might altogether rid and quit mankind of this entire 

 feeling of obligation to its beginning, its causa prima. Atheism and a kind 

 of second innocence are parts of a whole." — '* A Genealogy of Morals," 

 by Friedrich Nietzsche. 



♦* Morality without being backed by the rational intuition of religion 

 would, indeed, have little chance of surviving all the weeds that threaten to 

 choke it." — " The Rational or Scientific Ideal of Morality," by P. F. Fitz- 

 gerald. 



'^ The attitudes of the moral and religious man are not merely unlike, but 

 there is a certain conflict between the two. The reason of this will be 

 apparent. When attention is turned in one of these directions, it is in some 

 degree withdrawn from the other. I cannot at the same moment be con- 

 ceiving of God as the only being of worth, and yet of my life — this frag- 

 mentary life — as itself a matter of worth. I alternate." * * ♦ «< When 

 full of the thought of God, it is not impossible to allow a room to go dusty, 

 a neighbor to be hungry, a bill to remain unpaid. Not impossible? It is 

 dangerously natural. We shall be wise to warn ourselves, when thoughts 

 of God are so dear and uplifting, that we must watch the little world which 

 lies around us, and not, because of devoutness, neglect to hear its needy 

 calls. * * * Morality fulfills itself in religion, even though its gaze is 

 directed manward rather than Godward." — " The Field of Ethics," by 

 George Herbert Palmer. 



" VoUkommene Sittlichkeit ist identisch mit vollkommener Religiositat. 

 Sie verlangt ein Leben in Gott, ein Verstehen seiner das Universum bewe- 

 genden Gedanken, wenigstens in dem Ausschnitt, welcher sich jedem in 

 seiner individuellen Anschauung und Kenntnis der Welt darstellt." — " Das 

 Problem der Ethik in der Gegenwart," by Hans Gallwitz. 



"Will man ein personliches Wesen anerkennen, welches die absolute 

 Giite, Wahrheit und Schdnheit an sich ist und Gott genannt wird: so kann 



