52 Trans. Acad. Sct. of St. Louis. 
was only slightly injured on growth 3 years old or over 
and this injury occurred almost invariably between the 
flakes or ridges of bark. It has frequently been reported 
that only moderately severe hailstorms cause a serious 
malformation and restriction of growth when catalpa 
pods are developing. Such malformation consists of 
badly curved pods, many of which fail to develop. Mod- 
erate hailstorms after the pods are fully developed rarely 
do serious damage. 
Sycamore suffered co-ordinately with the catalpa in 
regard to leaf defoliation and very nearly as bad results 
to the young twigs. The effect was so severe that not a 
A B C 
HAIL INJURY TO CATALPA. 
single sycamore was seen which had not made an entirely 
new seasonal growth and often the growth was killed back 
so that the adventitious buds developed from the middle 
of last season’s growth. Unlike the catalpa, however, the 
bark on the sycamore shoots 2 years old was not severely 
injured, but the force of the hail caused slight wounds on 
the largest trunks. A microscopic examination showed 
that few of these wounds had affected the cambium badly 
except in twigs and small branches. 
Russian mulberry suffered badly from defoliation and 
injury to new growth. In the usual cases two-thirds to 
three-fourths of each tree was defoliated while many 
specimens standing in the open were entirely defoliated. 
Injury to the bark was nearly as severe as it was to the 
