Phillips—Hail Injury on Forest Trees. 55 
succulent wood. Large, succulent leaves were much worse 
affected than linear leaves, cut leaves, or leathery leaves. 
Coppice was more seriously affected, because of the more 
succulent growth and also because it retains smooth bark 
for a much longer period, than seedling growth. An es- 
pecially noteworthy feature of the injury was noticed in 
the growth of the new leaves where entire defoliation had 
taken place. In every case the first leaves developed at 
the ends of the growing shoots, when the shoots were not 
badly wounded. If the shoots were broken or severely 
lacerated, the first leaf developed from an adventitious 
or a dormant bud back of the injury. Such leaves were 
usually at least one week in advance of all other leaves. 
Lateral leaves further down the shoots continued to 
appear from 3 to 4 weeks after the first leaves, thus caus- 
ing a very irregular and prolonged leaf development. The 
retention of thick, leathery leaves such as occur on osage 
orange aids materially in protecting the shoots. In 
Europe’ the removal of the forest is said to increase the 
frequency of hail. 
The injury to forest trees caused by hail is especially 
likely to induce secondary injuries from forest fungi and 
insects. In cases of severe injury to shade trees it would 
be well to trim off the branches most severely affected and 
to watch carefully for insect or fungus infestation. Asa 
result of two years’ observation there seems little doubt 
that hail injury increases the infestation of hardy catalpa 
by dry rot (Polystictus versicolor Fr.). Hardy catalpa 
does not recuperate readily from hail injury and most of 
the plantations, windbreaks and shelterbelts in the state 
show the effect of some hail storm of the past. In such 
plantings it is a common occurrence to find wounds ten 
to twenty years old which have not healed over and such 
badly wounded branches often show a great deal of 
fungus action. Some of the wounds show a secondary 
injury by insects, but so far this is limited. Most of these 
wounded trees are also characterized by water sprouts 
5 Houston, E. J. Outlines of Forestry. 147. 1893. 
