Keyes—The Guadalupan Series. 127 
rect stratigraphic interpretation of the southern New 
Mexican red beds, but it is wholly at variance with my 
own observations in the region. I am quite familiar with 
all of the localities visited by Messrs. Graton and Gordon. 
In the Sierra Oscuro, the Sierra San Andreas, the Sierra 
de los Caballos, the Sierra Manzano, and the Sierra San- 
dia, and in every case where the black limestone appears 
to hold a position higher than the red beds there are in- 
disputable evidences of profound differential movements 
of the strata along fault-lines. Singularly enough, the 
only place where the direct evidence of faulting is not 
yet fully determined is the identical locality where the 
authors mentioned say that the black superior limestone 
is missing from its normal position, above the red-beds. 
This is on the east side of the Sandia mountains, and the 
dark limestone in inclined beds rises to a height of several 
hundreds of feet abruptly out of the red-beds. It may be 
that the Red-beds of Kansas are older than the Guada- 
lupan series but much stronger evidences shall have to 
be forthcoming before I shall be willing to admit that 
the Cimarronian Red-beds are the stratigraphic repre- 
sentatives of the Hueco limestones, or of the Bernalillo 
red shales. 
Whether or not the great Guadalupan series, 3500 feet 
in thickness, is above or beneath the Cimarronian Red- 
beds is immaterial in the present connection; the impor- 
tant consideration is that there is small doubt but that it 
is much younger than any of the so-called Permian beds 
of Kansas (Oklahoman). The stratigraphic position and 
faunal horizon of the Guadalupan series have close rela- 
tionships with those of the original Permian of Russia. 
This is the only section yet discovered in America which 
satisfies the conditions of such a correlation. The recent 
investigations amply attest the correctness of Shumard’s 
early work and the astuteness with which his main con- 
clusions were drawn. It has taken half a century to put 
the proper estimate upon his efforts. 
The final elimination of the so-called Kansas Permian 
